BACKGROUND Organophosphate esters (OPEs), used ubiquitously as flame retardants and plasticizers in consumer products, are suspected of having developmental toxicity. OBJECTIVES Our study aimed to estimate associations between prenatal exposure to OPEs and fetal growth, including both ultrasound (head circumference, abdominal circumference, femur length, and estimated fetal weight) and delivery [birth weight z-score, small-for-gestational age (SGA), and large-for-gestational age (LGA)] measures of growth. METHODS In the LIFECODES Fetal Growth Study (2008-2018), an enriched case-cohort of 900 babies born at the small and large ends of the growth spectrum, we quantified OPE biomarkers in three urine samples per pregnant participant and abstracted ultrasound and delivery measures of fetal growth from medical records. We estimated associations between pregnancy-averaged log-transformed OPE biomarkers and repeated ultrasound measures of fetal growth using linear mixed-effects models, and delivery measures of fetal growth using linear (birth weight) and logistic (SGA and LGA) regression models. RESULTS Most OPE biomarkers were positively associated with at least one ultrasound measure of fetal growth, but associations with delivery measures were largely null. For example, an interquartile range (IQR; 1.31 ng/mL) increase in bis(2-chloroethyl) phosphate concentration was associated with larger z-scores in head circumference [mean difference (difference): 0.09; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.01, 0.17], abdominal circumference (difference: 0.10; 95% CI: 0.02, 0.18), femur length (difference: 0.11; 95% CI: 0.03, 0.19), and estimated fetal weight (difference: 0.13; 95% CI: 0.04, 0.22) but not birth weight (difference: 0.04; 95% CI: -0.08, 0.17). At delivery, an IQR (1.00 ng/mL) increase in diphenyl phosphate (DPHP) concentration was associated with an SGA birth (odds ratio: 1.46; 95% CI: 1.10, 1.94). CONCLUSIONS In a large prospective cohort, gestational OPE exposures were associated with larger fetal size during pregnancy, but associations at delivery were null. DPHP concentrations were associated with heightened risk of an SGA birth. These findings suggest that OPE exposure may affect fetal development. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP14647.

中文翻译：

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LIFECODES 胎儿生长研究中有机磷酸酯阻燃剂和增塑剂与胎儿生长的关系。


背景技术在消费品中广泛用作阻燃剂和增塑剂的有机磷酸酯(OPE)被怀疑具有发育毒性。目的 我们的研究旨在评估产前暴露于 OPE 与胎儿生长之间的关联，包括超声检查（头围、腹围、股骨长度和估计胎儿体重）和分娩 [出生体重 z 得分、小于胎龄 ( SGA）和大于胎龄（LGA）]生长测量。方法 在 LIFECODES 胎儿生长研究 (2008-2018) 中，我们对每个怀孕参与者的三个尿液样本中的 OPE 生物标志物进行了量化，并提取了超声和分娩测量数据，该研究是一个由 900 名出生在生长谱小端和大端的婴儿组成的丰富病例队列。从医疗记录中了解胎儿的生长情况。我们使用线性混合效应模型估计了妊娠平均对数转换 OPE 生物标志物与胎儿生长的重复超声测量之间的关联，以及使用线性（出生体重）和逻辑（SGA 和 LGA）回归模型评估胎儿生长的分娩测量之间的关联。结果 大多数 OPE 生物标志物与至少一项胎儿生长超声测量呈正相关，但与分娩测量的相关性基本上为零。例如，双(2-氯乙基)磷酸盐浓度的四分位数范围（IQR；1.31 ng/mL）增加与头围较大的 z 分数相关[平均差（差值）：0.09； 95% 置信区间 (CI)：0.01，0.17]、腹围（差异：0.10；95% CI：0.02，0.18）、股骨长度（差异：0.11；95% CI：0.03、0.19）和估计胎儿体重（差异：0.13；95% CI：0.04，0.22），但不是出生体重（差异：0.04；95% CI：-0.08，0.17）。交货时，IQR (1.磷酸二苯酯 (DPHP) 浓度（00 ng/mL）增加与 SGA 出生相关（比值比：1.46；95% CI：1.10，1.94）。结论 在一个大型前瞻性队列中，妊娠期 OPE 暴露与妊娠期间胎儿体型较大相关，但分娩时没有相关性。 DPHP 浓度与 SGA 出生风险升高相关。这些发现表明 OPE 暴露可能会影响胎儿发育。 https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP14647。