BACKGROUND Organophosphate esters (OPEs), used ubiquitously as flame retardants and plasticizers in consumer products, are suspected of having developmental toxicity. OBJECTIVES Our study aimed to estimate associations between prenatal exposure to OPEs and fetal growth, including both ultrasound (head circumference, abdominal circumference, femur length, and estimated fetal weight) and delivery [birth weight z-score, small-for-gestational age (SGA), and large-for-gestational age (LGA)] measures of growth. METHODS In the LIFECODES Fetal Growth Study (2008-2018), an enriched case-cohort of 900 babies born at the small and large ends of the growth spectrum, we quantified OPE biomarkers in three urine samples per pregnant participant and abstracted ultrasound and delivery measures of fetal growth from medical records. We estimated associations between pregnancy-averaged log-transformed OPE biomarkers and repeated ultrasound measures of fetal growth using linear mixed-effects models, and delivery measures of fetal growth using linear (birth weight) and logistic (SGA and LGA) regression models. RESULTS Most OPE biomarkers were positively associated with at least one ultrasound measure of fetal growth, but associations with delivery measures were largely null. For example, an interquartile range (IQR; 1.31 ng/mL) increase in bis(2-chloroethyl) phosphate concentration was associated with larger z-scores in head circumference [mean difference (difference): 0.09; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.01, 0.17], abdominal circumference (difference: 0.10; 95% CI: 0.02, 0.18), femur length (difference: 0.11; 95% CI: 0.03, 0.19), and estimated fetal weight (difference: 0.13; 95% CI: 0.04, 0.22) but not birth weight (difference: 0.04; 95% CI: -0.08, 0.17). At delivery, an IQR (1.00 ng/mL) increase in diphenyl phosphate (DPHP) concentration was associated with an SGA birth (odds ratio: 1.46; 95% CI: 1.10, 1.94). CONCLUSIONS In a large prospective cohort, gestational OPE exposures were associated with larger fetal size during pregnancy, but associations at delivery were null. DPHP concentrations were associated with heightened risk of an SGA birth. These findings suggest that OPE exposure may affect fetal development. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP14647.

中文翻译：

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LIFECODES 胎儿生长研究中与胎儿生长相关的有机磷酸酯阻燃剂和增塑剂。


背景有机磷酸酯 （OPE） 在消费品中普遍用作阻燃剂和增塑剂，被怀疑具有发育毒性。目的 我们的研究旨在估计产前暴露于 OPEs 与胎儿生长之间的关联，包括超声 （头围、腹围、股骨长度和估计的胎儿体重） 和分娩 [出生体重 z 评分、小于胎龄儿 （SGA） 和大于胎龄儿 （LGA）] 生长的测量。方法 在 LIFECODES 胎儿生长研究 （2008-2018） 中，一个由 900 名出生在生长谱小端和大端出生的婴儿组成的丰富病例队列，我们量化了每位孕妇三份尿液样本中的 OPE 生物标志物，并从病历中提取胎儿生长的超声和分娩测量值。我们使用线性混合效应模型估计妊娠平均对数转换的 OPE 生物标志物与胎儿生长的重复超声测量之间的关联，以及使用线性 （出生体重） 和 logistic （SGA 和 LGA） 回归模型估计胎儿生长的分娩测量之间的关联。结果 大多数 OPE 生物标志物与至少一种胎儿生长的超声测量呈正相关，但与分娩测量的关联基本上为零。例如，双（2-氯乙基）磷酸盐浓度的四分位距 （IQR;1.31 ng/mL） 增加与头围 [平均差（差）：0.09;95% 置信区间 （CI）：0.01,0.17]、腹围（差值：0.10;95% CI：0.02、0.18）、股骨长度（差值：0.11;95% CI：0.03、0.19）和估计胎儿体重（差值：0.13;95% CI： 0.04， 0.22），但不是出生体重（差异：0.04;95% CI：-0.08,0.17）。交货时，IQR （1.00 ng/mL） 磷酸二苯酯 （DPHP） 浓度增加与 SGA 出生相关 （比值比： 1.46;95% CI： 1.10， 1.94）。结论 在一个大型前瞻性队列中，妊娠 OPE 暴露与妊娠期间较大的胎儿大小相关，但分娩时的关联为零。DPHP 浓度与 SGA 出生风险增加相关。这些发现表明 OPE 暴露可能会影响胎儿发育。https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP14647。