The current protocol addresses the outcomes on the photo-transesterification of frying sunflower oil (FSO) catalysed by porphyrin comprising sulphonic acid functionalized pyridinium ionic liquid (PcSAFPyIL). A novel photocatalyst was synthesized and confirmed by 1H and 13C NMR, Powder XRD, FT-IR, XPS, and fluorescence emission spectrophotometry. The energy band gap (1.85 eV) was determined by cyclic voltammetry, Hammett acidity (H0 = 0.217) by UV–visible spectrophotometer and metal free nature by powder XRD and XPS. The photocatalytic activity of PcSAFPyIL in the visible region was confirmed by reflecting intense Soret band (421 nm) and four Q bands (515, 554, 591 and 647 nm). This may be due to inherent aromatic characters and conjugation with chromophore groups at meso-position of porphyrin ring. The obtained photocatalyst was scrutinized for the photo-transesterification of FSO in a lab-made photoreactor. The ideal reaction parameters were found to be 20 mg photocatalyst quantity with 1:12 (FSO: ROH) under exposure of 2 x 5 W LED at room temperature, to afford 90 % biodiesel in 24 h. Moreover, the formation of biodiesel was confirmed by (1H, 13C) NMR, FT-IR, DEPT-135, and GC–MS. Further, stability, heterogeneous nature and the gram scale reaction PcSAFPyIL was also efficiently accomplished using the optimized photocatalytic conditions. Additionally, the physicochemical properties of the biodiesel fuel B15 (15 % blended with marketed diesel) and pure marketed diesel are consistent. Moreover, the engine performance and emission characteristics of B15 such as brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC), break thermal efficiency (BTE) found comparable and better than commercial diesel.

中文翻译：

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探索新型卟啉光催化剂将煎炸油转化为生物柴油：全球经济的一步


当前的协议解决了由包含磺酸功能化吡啶鎓离子液体 (PcSAFPyIL) 的卟啉催化的煎炸葵花油 (FSO) 光转酯化的结果。合成了一种新型光催化剂，并通过 1H 和 13C NMR、粉末 XRD、FT-IR、XPS 和荧光发射分光光度法进行了证实。能带隙 (1.85 eV) 通过循环伏安法测定，哈米特酸度 (H0 = 0.217) 通过紫外可见分光光度计测定，无金属性质通过粉末 XRD 和 XPS 测定。通过反射强烈的Soret带（421 nm）和四个Q带（515、554、591和647 nm）证实了PcSAFPyIL在可见光区域的光催化活性。这可能是由于固有的芳香特征以及与卟啉环中间位置的发色团的共轭。所获得的光催化剂在实验室制造的光反应器中用于 FSO 的光转酯化反应。理想的反应参数为 20 mg 光催化剂用量和 1:12 (FSO: ROH)，在室温下 2 x 5 W LED 照射下，在 24 小时内提供 90% 的生物柴油。此外，生物柴油的形成通过 (1H, 13C) NMR、FT-IR、DEPT-135 和 GC-MS 得到证实。此外，使用优化的光催化条件还可以有效地实现 PcSAFPyIL 的稳定性、异质性和克级反应。此外，生物柴油燃料 B15（与市售柴油混合 15%）和纯市售柴油的物理化学性质是一致的。此外，B15 的发动机性能和排放特性（例如制动特定燃油消耗 (BSFC)、制动热效率 (BTE)）与商用柴油相当且更好。