The Haber-Bosch process for urea production is known for its significant carbon emissions. While the chemical looping ammonia generation method presents a potential alternative, its technical and economic feasibility still requires further investigation. This paper conducts a comparative analysis of eight renewable energy-driven urea-electricity-heat-cooling multi-generation systems by developing their energy, exergy, economic, and environmental evaluation models. Considering the fluctuation in renewable energy resources, an annual evaluation of the different systems is conducted based on a monthly time scale. The results indicate that systems based on the Haber-Bosch process have higher average energy and exergy efficiencies of 60–80 % and 40–50 %, respectively. For the chemical looping ammonia generation process, the respective efficiencies are 50–70 % and 30–40 %. Additionally, the system integrating the Haber-Bosch reaction, reduction reactor, and solid oxide fuel cell yields the highest energy and exergy efficiencies among the eight systems, at 68.2 % and 45.78 %, respectively. However, it is inferior to the multi-generation system integrating the chemical looping ammonia generation process in terms of economic and environmental performance. In addition, the system integrating the chemical looping ammonia generation process and solid oxide fuel cell has the shortest discounted payback period of 8 years, with annual revenue and net present value of 32.63 and 11.66 MUSD, respectively. While the operating expenditures of the Haber-Bosch (12.6–15.7 MUSD) are lower than those of the chemical looping ammonia generation process (14.0–17.5 MUSD), its capital expenditures (382.0–410.8 MUSD) are significantly higher than those of the chemical looping ammonia generation process (302.4–307.3 MUSD). Furthermore, the conducted environmental evaluation shows that the multi-generation system integrating the chemical looping ammonia generation process and reduction reactor exhibits lower overall carbon emissions (0.013 t CO/t urea) compared to the state-of-the-art method of oxy-fuel coal-fired power plant for urea synthesis.

中文翻译：

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八种尿素-电-热-冷多联产系统的比较分析：能源、火用、经济和环境角度


哈伯-博世尿素生产工艺以其大量碳排放而闻名。虽然化学循环氨生成方法是一种潜在的替代方案，但其技术和经济可行性仍需要进一步研究。本文通过建立能源、火用、经济和环境评价模型，对八种可再生能源驱动的尿素-电-热-冷多联产系统进行了比较分析。考虑到可再生能源资源的波动，每年按月时间尺度对不同系统进行评估。结果表明，基于哈伯-博世过程的系统具有较高的平均能量效率和火用效率，分别为 60-80% 和 40-50%。对于化学循环氨生成工艺，其效率分别为 50-70% 和 30-40%。此外，集成哈伯-博世反应、还原反应器和固体氧化物燃料电池的系统在八个系统中产生最高的能量效率和火用效率，分别为68.2%和45.78%。但在经济性和环保性方面，它不如集成化学循环制氨工艺的多联产系统。此外，化学循环制氨工艺与固体氧化物燃料电池相结合的系统，最短贴现投资回收期为8年，年收入和净现值分别为32.63和11.66 MUSD。虽然哈伯-博世工艺的运营支出 (12.6–15.7 MUSD) 低于化学循环制氨工艺 (14.0–17.5 MUSD)，但其资本支出 (382.0–410.0 MUSD) 较低。8 MUSD）明显高于化学循环氨生成工艺（302.4-307.3 MUSD）。此外，进行的环境评估表明，与最先进的氧化法相比，集成化学循环氨生成工艺和还原反应器的多联产系统总体碳排放量较低（0.013吨CO/吨尿素）。燃料燃煤电厂用于尿素合成。