In the context of carbon neutrality, high efficiency, low carbon, and zero environmental impact have become an essential development direction of internal combustion engines (ICEs). Hydrogen energy has the advantage of having a high calorific value. It also has zero carbon emissions and is considered one of the significant alternative fuels for ICEs. Moreover, ammonia has a high octane number and has an anti-knock effect, which facilitates the mitigation of knock in hydrogen ICEs and potentially mitigates the negative impact of knock on engine volume power. Scholars have carried out some explorations on ammonia-hydrogen ICEs (AHICE), which have been applied in marine power systems. It is anticipated that AHICE will become one of the most significant development directions in the field of vehicle power systems in the future. However, there are still some problems with using AHICEs in passenger cars. The proposed work presented a zero-carbon hybrid power system based on an AHICE. Specifically, the external characteristics curve and power output boundary were obtained by bench experiments of the ICE under wide open throttle (WOT) conditions and diverse engine speeds and λ. Indeed, a hybrid system model consisting of an AHICE and a power battery was built where the AHICE was used to respond to the demanded power and the power battery was used to provide additional power and store the electrical energy converted from braking. Incidentally, an engine control strategy was developed to expand the knock limit and power boundary by dynamically adjusting the ammonia-hydrogen volume ratio. Finally, a hybrid power system simulation model was established based on MATLAB/Simulink. The CLTC-P and WLTC simulation results demonstrated that the zero-carbon hybrid system which comprised AHICE and power battery can work in the high efficiency area. The AHICE demonstrates lower fuel consumption while satisfying power requirements. This work provides a promising route to zero-carbon hybrid technology for the passenger car industry facing the challenge of carbon neutrality.

中文翻译：

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基于氨氢发动机的零碳混合动力系统建模与控制策略研究


在碳中和的背景下，高效、低碳、零环境影响已成为内燃机（ICE）的重要发展方向。氢能的优点是热值高。它还具有零碳排放，被认为是内燃机的重要替代燃料之一。此外，氨具有较高的辛烷值，具有抗爆震作用，有利于减轻氢内燃机的爆震，并有可能减轻爆震对发动机体积功率的负面影响。学者们对氨氢内燃机（AHICE）进行了一些探索，并已在船舶电力系统中得到应用。预计AHICE将成为未来汽车动力系统领域最重要的发展方向之一。然而，在乘用车上使用AHICE仍然存在一些问题。拟议的工作提出了一种基于 AHICE 的零碳混合动力系统。具体而言，通过节气门全开（WOT）条件和不同发动机转速和λ下的ICE台架实验获得了外部特性曲线和功率输出边界。事实上，建立了由AHICE和动力电池组成的混合系统模型，其中AHICE用于响应所需功率，动力电池用于提供额外动力并存储制动转化的电能。顺便说一句，开发了一种发动机控制策略，通过动态调整氨氢体积比来扩大爆震极限和功率边界。最后，基于MATLAB/Simulink建立了混合动力系统仿真模型。 CLTC-P和WLTC仿真结果表明，由AHICE和动力电池组成的零碳混合系统可以工作在高效区。 AHICE 在满足功率要求的同时展现出较低的油耗。这项工作为面临碳中和挑战的乘用车行业提供了一条零碳混合动力技术的有前途的途径。