BACKGROUND Circadian rhythms influence cognitive performance which peaks in the morning for early chronotypes and evening for late chronotypes. It is unknown whether cognitive interventions are susceptible to such synchrony effects and could be optimised at certain times-of-day. OBJECTIVE A pilot study testing whether the effectiveness of cognitive bias modification (CBM) for facial emotion processing was improved when delivered at a time-of-day that was synchronised to chronotype. METHODS 173 healthy young adults (aged 18-25) with an early or late chronotype completed one online session of CBM training in either the morning (06:00 hours to 10:00 hours) or evening (18:00 hours to 22:00 hours). FINDINGS Moderate evidence that participants learnt better (higher post-training balance point) when they completed CBM training in the synchronous (evening for late chronotypes, morning for early chronotypes) compared with asynchronous (morning for late chronotypes, evening for early chronotypes) condition, controlling for pre-training balance point, sleep quality and negative affect. There was also a group×condition interaction where late chronotypes learnt faster and more effectively in synchronous versus asynchronous conditions. CONCLUSIONS Preliminary evidence that synchrony effects apply to this psychological intervention. Tailoring the delivery timing of CBM training to chronotype may optimise its effectiveness. This may be particularly important for late chronotypes who were less able to adapt to non-optimal times-of-day, possibly because they experience more social jetlag. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS To consider delivery timing of CBM training when administering to early and late chronotypes. This may generalise to other psychological interventions and be relevant for online interventions where the timing can be flexible.

中文翻译：

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时间型和情绪处理：一项测试在线认知偏差修正训练时间的试点研究。


背景技术昼夜节律影响认知表现，对于早时型的人来说，认知表现在早上达到顶峰，对于晚时型的人来说，认知表现在晚上达到顶峰。目前尚不清楚认知干预是否容易受到这种同步效应的影响，并且可以在一天中的某些时间进行优化。目的 一项试点研究，测试在与睡眠类型同步的一天中的某个时间进行认知偏差修正 (CBM) 对面部情绪处理的有效性是否有所改善。方法 173 名睡眠型早或晚的健康年轻人（18-25 岁）在早上（06:00 至 10:00）或晚上（18:00 至 22:00）完成了一节 CBM 在线培训课程小时）。研究结果 有适度的证据表明，与异步（晚间睡眠型早上，早间睡眠型）条件相比，参与者在同步（晚间睡眠型晚上，早间睡眠型）条件下完成 CBM 训练时学习效果更好（训练后平衡点更高），控制训练前平衡点、睡眠质量和负面影响。还有一种群体与条件的相互作用，其中较晚的时间型在同步条件下比异步条件下学习得更快、更有效。结论 初步证据表明同步效应适用于这种心理干预。根据时间类型调整 CBM 培训的实施时间可能会优化其有效性。这对于晚睡型的人来说可能尤其重要，他们不太能够适应一天中的非最佳时间，可能是因为他们经历了更多的社交时差。临床意义 在对早期和晚期时间型进行治疗时要考虑 CBM 培训的实施时间。 这可能会推广到其他心理干预措施，并且与时间可以灵活的在线干预措施相关。