There is increasing evidence that musculoskeletal tissues are differentially regulated by sex hormones in males and females. The influence of sex hormones, in addition to other sex-based differences such as in anatomical alignment and immune-system function, impact the prevalence and severity of disease as well as the types of injuries that affect the musculoskeletal system and the outcomes of prevention measures and treatment. Literature specifically addressing sex differences related to the musculoskeletal system is limited, underscoring the imperative for both basic and clinical research on this topic. This review highlights areas of research that have implications for bone and cartilage health, including growth and development, sports injuries, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, and bone frailty. It is clear that important aspects of the musculoskeletal system have been understudied. Consideration of how sex hormone therapy will affect musculoskeletal tissues in prepuberty, during puberty, and in adults is vital, yet little is known. The purpose of this article is to foster awareness and interest in advancing our understanding of how sex differences influence orthopaedic practice.

中文翻译：

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性和性别对肌肉骨骼状况的影响及其报告方式。


越来越多的证据表明，男性和女性的肌肉骨骼组织受性激素的调节存在差异。除了解剖结构和免疫系统功能等其他性别差异之外，性激素的影响也会影响疾病的患病率和严重程度以及影响肌肉骨骼系统的损伤类型和预防措施的结果和治疗。专门讨论与肌肉骨骼系统相关的性别差异的文献是有限的，这强调了对该主题进行基础和临床研究的必要性。这篇综述重点介绍了对骨骼和软骨健康有影响的研究领域，包括生长和发育、运动损伤、骨关节炎、骨质疏松症和骨质脆弱。显然，肌肉骨骼系统的重要方面尚未得到充分研究。考虑性激素治疗如何影响青春期前、青春期期间和成人的肌肉骨骼组织至关重要，但人们知之甚少。本文的目的是提高人们对性别差异如何影响骨科实践的认识和兴趣。