This study aimed to devise an integrated green surfactant and circulating ultrasound coupling extraction (GSCUE) approach for extracting the total flavonoids from Cynanchum auriculatum leaves. Single-factor optimization combined with a Box–Behnken design was used to determine the optimal technological conditions, which included an APG0814/MES amount of 5 % (w/v), extraction temperature of 46 °C, ultrasound irradiation power of 509 W, liquid–solid ratio of 30 mL/g, mixing speed of 1000 r/min, and extraction time of 50 min. Under these conditions, the extraction yield of the total flavonoids reached 7.83 mg/g. The HPLC-MS was applied to identify the flavonoid compositions in Cynanchum auriculatum leaves extract. The results showed that flavonoid composition included Gardenin B, Luteolin, Kaempferol, Quercetin, 4′-Methoxy-7-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-8,3′-dihydroxyflavanone, Astragalin, Spiraeoside, Rutin, and Kaempferol 3-gentiobioside. Further, to investigate the GSCUE mechanism, plant samples before and after extraction were analyzed by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and contact angle analysis. The results indicate that the functional groups, surface microstructure, and surface wettability of the plant samples all affect the yield of the target active ingredients. The hydrophilic group content on the plant sample surface after GSCUE treatment was higher compared to the case of the untreated samples. Additionally, there was evidence of surface structural collapse and shrinkage, increased surface roughness, and a decreased contact angle due to GSCUE treatment. These results highlight the greater surface wettability of the plant samples, faster solvent penetration, and an effective increase in the total flavonoid yield, indicating the synergistic effect of combining ultrasound with green surfactants for total flavonoid extraction. Overall, GSCUE technology provided a sustainable and efficient approach for extracting the total flavonoids from plant materials.

本研究旨在设计一种集成的绿色表面活性剂和循环超声耦合提取（GSCUE）方法，用于从白首乌叶中提取总黄酮。采用单因素优化结合Box-Behnken设计确定了最佳工艺条件，其中APG0814/MES用量为5%（w/v），提取温度为46℃，超声辐照功率为509W，液固比30 mL/g，搅拌速度1000 r/min，提取时间50 min。在此条件下，总黄酮的提取率达到7.83 mg/g。采用高效液相色谱-质谱联用技术对白首乌叶提取物中的黄酮类成分进行鉴定。结果表明，黄酮类成分包括栀子素B、木犀草素、山奈酚、槲皮素、4′-甲氧基-7-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-8,3′-二羟基黄烷酮、黄芪甲苷、绣线菊苷、芦丁、山奈酚3-龙胆二糖苷。此外，为了研究 GSCUE 机制，通过傅里叶变换红外光谱、扫描电子显微镜和接触角分析对提取前后的植物样品进行了分析。结果表明，植物样品的官能团、表面微观结构和表面润湿性都会影响目标活性成分的得率。与未处理的样品相比，GSCUE处理后的植物样品表面的亲水基团含量更高。此外，有证据表明，GSCUE 处理导致表面结构塌陷和收缩、表面粗糙度增加以及接触角减小。 这些结果突出表明植物样品具有更大的表面润湿性、更快的溶剂渗透性以及总黄酮产量的有效增加，表明超声波与绿色表面活性剂相结合对总黄酮提取具有协同作用。总体而言，GSCUE 技术为从植物材料中提取总黄酮提供了一种可持续且高效的方法。