Seventy years of research on intergroup contact, or face-to-face interactions between members of opposing social groups, demonstrates that positive contact typically reduces prejudice and increases social cohesion. Extant syntheses, however, have not considered the full breadth of contact valence (positive/negative) and have treated self-selection as a threat to validity. This research bridges intergroup contact theory with sequential sampling models of impression formation to assess contact effects across all valences. From the premise that positive versus negative contact instigates differential resampling of outgroup experiences when self-selection is possible, we advance and meta-analytically test new predictions for the moderation of valenced contact effects and negativity bias as a function of people's opportunity and motivation to self-select in and out of contact. Our random-effects synthesis of positive and negative intergroup contact studies (238 independent samples, 936 nested effects; total N = 152,985) found significant valenced contact effects: Positive contact systematically associates with lower prejudice, and negative contact associates with higher prejudice. Critically, the detrimental effect of negative contact is significantly larger than the benefit of positive contact. This negativity bias is particularly pronounced under conditions in which one can self-select, is motivated to avoid contact, among male-dominated and prejudiced samples, in contact with stigmatized, low status, low socioeconomic status outgroups, along nonconcealable stigma, with nonintimate contact partners in informal settings and in collectivistic societies. Considering individuals' motivation and opportunity to self-select, together with contact valence, therefore offers a more nuanced and integrated platform to design contact-based interventions and policies across varied contact ecologies. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

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群体间接触中的消极偏倚：荟萃分析证据表明，坏事比好事更强，尤其是当人们有机会和动机选择退出联系时。


70 年来对群体间接触或对立社会群体成员之间面对面互动的研究表明，积极的接触通常会减少偏见并增加社会凝聚力。然而，现存的合成并未考虑接触价（正/负）的全部广度，并将自选择视为对有效性的威胁。本研究将群体间接触理论与印记形成的顺序抽样模型联系起来，以评估所有价态的接触效应。当自我选择成为可能时，积极与消极接触会激发对外群体体验的差异重采样这一前提，我们推进并荟萃分析测试了对效价接触效应和消极偏差的调节的新预测，作为人们自我选择的机会和动机的函数。我们对积极和消极的群体间接触研究 （238 个独立样本，936 个嵌套效应;总 N = 152,985） 的随机效应综合发现了显著的效价接触效应：积极接触系统性地与较低的偏见相关，而消极接触与较高的偏见相关。至关重要的是，消极接触的不利影响明显大于积极接触的好处。这种消极偏见在人们可以自我选择的条件下尤为明显，在男性主导和有偏见的样本中，避免与被污名化、地位低、社会经济地位低的外群体接触，伴随着不可掩饰的耻辱，在非正式场合和集体主义社会中与非亲密接触伙伴接触。 因此，考虑到个人自我选择的动机和机会，以及接触效价，提供了一个更加细致和集成的平台，以设计跨不同接触生态的基于接触的干预措施和政策。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 （c） 2024 APA，保留所有权利）。