High-performance computational physics has been instrumental in advancing scientific research by regularly providing breakthroughs in speed, accuracy and modelling fidelity. This Perspective highlights the contributions of physicists to the development of high-performance computing infrastructure, algorithms and applications from the early days of computing to the exascale era. We recall the pioneering work of Fermi and von Neumann, who set directions and laid foundations for computational science and examine the ongoing impact of physicists in overcoming current challenges in high-performance computing, such as energy consumption and data storage. As we celebrate milestones such as exascale computing and generative artificial intelligence, it is inspiring to recognize the enduring influence of physicists in driving technological innovations and ensuring the future progress of computational science.

高性能计算物理经常在速度、准确性和建模保真度方面取得突破，从而在推进科学研究方面发挥了重要作用。本视角强调了从计算早期到百亿亿次时代，物理学家对高性能计算基础设施、算法和应用程序开发的贡献。我们回顾费米和冯诺依曼的开创性工作，他们为计算科学设定了方向并奠定了基础，并研究了物理学家在克服当前高性能计算挑战（例如能耗和数据存储）方面的持续影响。当我们庆祝百万兆级计算和生成人工智能等里程碑时，认识到物理学家在推动技术创新和确保计算科学未来进步方面的持久影响是令人鼓舞的。