From their humble discovery as cellular debris to cementing their natural capacity to transfer functional molecules between cells, the long-winded journey of extracellular vesicles (EVs) now stands at the precipice as a next-generation cell-free therapeutic tool to revolutionize modern-day medicine. This perspective provides a snapshot of the discovery of EVs to their emergence as a vibrant field of biology and the renaissance they usher in the field of biomedical sciences as therapeutic agents for cardiovascular pathologies. Rapid development of bioengineered EVs is providing innovative opportunities to overcome biological challenges of natural EVs such as potency, cargo loading and enhanced secretion, targeting and circulation half-life, localized and sustained delivery strategies, approaches to enhance systemic circulation, uptake and lysosomal escape, and logistical hurdles encompassing scalability, cost, and time. A multidisciplinary collaboration beyond the field of biology now extends to chemistry, physics, biomaterials, and nanotechnology, allowing rapid development of designer therapeutic EVs that are now entering late-stage human clinical trials.

中文翻译：

---

细胞外囊泡的发现及其作为下一代疗法的出现。


从作为细胞碎片的卑微发现到巩固其在细胞之间转移功能分子的自然能力，细胞外囊泡 (EV) 的漫长旅程现在正站在悬崖边，作为下一代无细胞治疗工具，将彻底改变现代药品。这一视角概述了电动汽车的发现、电动汽车作为一个充满活力的生物学领域的出现，以及电动汽车作为心血管疾病治疗药物在生物医学领域的复兴。生物工程电动汽车的快速发展为克服天然电动汽车的生物学挑战提供了创新机会，例如效力、货物装载和增强分泌、靶向和循环半衰期、局部和持续递送策略、增强全身循环、摄取和溶酶体逃逸的方法，以及包括可扩展性、成本和时间在内的后勤障碍。生物学领域之外的多学科合作现已扩展到化学、物理、生物材料和纳米技术，从而能够快速开发设计治疗性电动汽车，这些电动汽车现已进入后期人体临床试验。