Many recent studies have examined the impact of predicted changes in temperature and precipitation patterns on infectious diseases under different greenhouse gas emissions scenarios. But these emissions scenarios symbolize more than altered temperature and precipitation regimes; they also represent differing levels of change in energy, transportation, and food production at a global scale to reduce the effects of climate change. The ways humans respond to climate change, either through adaptation or mitigation, have underappreciated, yet hugely impactful effects on infectious disease transmission, often in complex and sometimes nonintuitive ways. Thus, in addition to investigating the direct effects of climate changes on infectious diseases, it is critical to consider how human preventative measures and adaptations to climate change will alter the environments and hosts that support pathogens. Here, we consider the ways that human responses to climate change will likely impact disease risk in both positive and negative ways. We evaluate the evidence for these impacts based on the available data, and identify research directions needed to address climate change while minimizing externalities associated with infectious disease, especially for vulnerable communities. We identify several different human adaptations to climate change that are likely to affect infectious disease risk independently of the effects of climate change itself. We categorize these changes into adaptation strategies to secure access to water, food, and shelter, and mitigation strategies to decrease greenhouse gas emissions. We recognize that adaptation strategies are more likely to have infectious disease consequences for under‐resourced communities, and call attention to the need for socio‐ecological studies to connect human behavioral responses to climate change and their impacts on infectious disease. Understanding these effects is crucial as climate change intensifies and the global community builds momentum to slow these changes and reduce their impacts on human health, economic productivity, and political stability.

中文翻译：

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传染病对人类气候变化适应的反应


最近的许多研究考察了在不同温室气体排放情景下预测的温度和降水模式变化对传染病的影响。但这些排放情景所象征的不仅仅是温度和降水状况的改变;它们还代表了全球范围内能源、运输和食品生产的不同变化水平，以减少气候变化的影响。人类应对气候变化的方式，无论是通过适应还是缓解，都被低估了，但对传染病传播的影响却具有巨大影响，而且往往以复杂且有时不直观的方式进行。因此，除了研究气候变化对传染病的直接影响外，考虑人类预防措施和对气候变化的适应将如何改变支持病原体的环境和宿主也至关重要。在这里，我们考虑了人类对气候变化的反应可能会以积极和消极的方式影响疾病风险。我们根据现有数据评估这些影响的证据，并确定应对气候变化所需的研究方向，同时最大限度地减少与传染病相关的外部性，尤其是对于弱势社区。我们确定了几种不同的人类对气候变化的适应，这些适应可能会影响传染病风险，而不受气候变化本身的影响。我们将这些变化分为确保获得水、食物和住所的适应策略，以及减少温室气体排放的缓解策略。 我们认识到，适应策略更有可能对资源贫乏的社区产生传染病后果，并呼吁关注社会生态学研究的必要性，以将人类行为反应与气候变化及其对传染病的影响联系起来。随着气候变化的加剧，了解这些影响至关重要，国际社会正在建立减缓这些变化并减少其对人类健康、经济生产力和政治稳定的影响的势头。