Unraveling the biotic and abiotic drivers likely influencing clades’ diversification dynamics (differential speciation and extinction rates) is crucial for understanding life on Earth. Here, we present a comprehensive analysis of the diversification dynamics of notoungulates (Mammalia: Notoungulata), the most diverse and widespread Cenozoic herbivore mammals that evolved in South America (SA) but are now entirely extinct. Employing fossil occurrences restricted to the southern part of the SA and a Bayesian framework, we examined the historical speciation and extinction rates across all notoungulates, suborders, and three body size categories and tested whether these dynamics could be driven by biotic (e.g., diversity dependence, competition) and abiotic (e.g., Andean uplift and temperature changes) factors. Our findings reveal significant variability in diversification rates over time and groups driven by biotic and abiotic factors. We observed an increase in notoungulate speciation rates correlated with lower group self-diversity, likely related to limited environmental productivity and more extensive emerged continental areas that can provide increased environmental and ecological heterogeneity. In contrast, elevated extinction rates were correlated with intensified Andean uplift events, which can trigger landscape modifications and the arrival of placental carnivores after the Great American Biotic Interchange, probably due to notoungulate vulnerability to novel predation pressures. Furthermore, sparassodont diversity appears to increase speciation and extinction rates of notoungulates, although the direct mechanism relating them remains uncertain. The heterogeneity in the observed patterns of speciation and extinction across distinct size categories and taxonomic clades provides valuable perspectives on how ancient global and regional changes impacted the diversification dynamics of mammals and underscores the intricate interplay between environmental changes and biological interactions in shaping the evolution of life on Earth.

中文翻译：

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无蹄类动物的兴衰：安第斯山脉的隆起、可用土地面积、竞争和掠夺如何推动其多样化动态


揭示可能影响进化枝多样化动态（差异物种形成和灭绝率）的生物和非生物驱动因素对于了解地球上的生命至关重要。在这里，我们对 Notoungulates（哺乳动物：Notoungulata）的多样化动态进行了全面分析，Notoungulata 是最多样化和分布最广泛的新生代草食哺乳动物，在南美洲 (SA) 进化，但现已完全灭绝。利用仅限于南澳南部的化石出现和贝叶斯框架，我们检查了所有无蹄动物、亚目和三个体型类别的历史物种形成和灭绝率，并测试了这些动态是否可以由生物驱动（例如，多样性依赖） 、竞争）和非生物（例如安第斯山脉隆起和温度变化）因素。我们的研究结果揭示了生物和非生物因素驱动的生物多样性率随时间和群体的显着变化。我们观察到非蹄动物物种形成率的增加与较低的群体自我多样性相关，这可能与有限的环境生产力和更广泛的新兴大陆区域（可以提供增加的环境和生态异质性）有关。相比之下，灭绝率的升高与安第斯山脉隆起事件的加剧有关，这可能会在大美洲生物交汇之后引发地貌改变和胎盘食肉动物的到来，这可能是由于非蹄类动物容易受到新的捕食压力的影响。此外，sparassodont多样性似乎增加了无蹄类动物的物种形成和灭绝率，尽管与它们相关的直接机制仍不确定。 不同体型和分类分支之间观察到的物种形成和灭绝模式的异质性，为了解古代全球和区域变化如何影响哺乳动物的多样化动态提供了宝贵的视角，并强调了环境变化和生物相互作用在塑造生命进化过程中复杂的相互作用。在地球上。