The three-dimensional (3D) stress waves of coal samples were studied using a true triaxial split Hopkinson pressure bar compression rod. The results indicate that the 3D strain of the coal samples increased gradually under vibration load. The 3D stress wave of coal samples showed attenuation characteristics, and the change amplitude of the stress wave of coal samples along the direction of dynamic load was the most obvious. The amplitude of stress wave was the largest in the axial direction constrained by pre-stressing 3 MPa, while the amplitude of stress wave in the lateral 2 MPa pre-stressing was smaller than that under the constraint of 1 MPa. The results showed that the main deformation of coal samples was along the impact direction, while the larger horizontal and vertical lateral binding forces limited the deformation of coal samples. The Fourier transform was performed on the 3D stress wave of the coal samples, and the change in the amplitude of the stress wave spectrum was correlated positively with the vibration. The spectrum amplitude of the coal samples under the pre-stressed 3 MPa constraint (axial) direction was the largest, while the spectrum amplitude of the coal samples under the lateral 2 MPa pre-stressed constraint was smaller than that under the binding 1 MPa. However, the main frequency of the three-way stress wave was distributed in 0–10 kHz. By calculating the energy consumption rate and wave velocity decay rate, it was verified that the damage of coal samples increased with increase in dynamic load. This experimental testing provides an effective testing method for studying the 3D stress waves of coal samples under complex stress medium conditions. In addition, a dynamic constitutive model of coal was constructed according to the mechanical behavior of coal and rock mass and the measured data.

使用真正的三轴分裂霍普金森压力棒压缩杆研究了煤样的三维（3D）应力波。结果表明，在振动载荷作用下，煤样的三维应变逐渐增大。煤样三维应力波呈现衰减特征，且沿动载荷方向煤样应力波变化幅度最为明显。 3 MPa预应力约束下轴向应力波幅值最大，而横向2 MPa预应力约束下应力波幅值小于1 MPa约束下的应力波幅值。结果表明，煤样的变形主要沿冲击方向，而较大的水平和垂直横向结合力限制了煤样的变形。对煤样的三维应力波进行傅里叶变换，应力波谱的幅值变化与振动呈正相关。预应力3 MPa约束（轴向）方向下煤样的谱幅最大，而横向2 MPa预应力约束下煤样的谱幅小于约束1 MPa下的谱幅。然而，三向应力波的主频率分布在0~10 kHz。通过计算能量消耗率和波速衰减率，验证了煤样的损伤随着动载荷的增加而增加。该实验测试为研究复杂应力介质条件下煤样三维应力波提供了有效的测试方法。 此外，根据煤岩体的力学行为和实测数据，建立了煤的动态本构模型。