Climate change and anthropogenic disturbances have threatened the ecosystem functions including ecological, production and livelihood functions (EPLFs) of the alpine grassland on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP). Integrating the trade-offs and synergies among the EPLFs into the regional development decision-making system is important for achieving sustainable development goals on the QTP. This study constructed an ecological-production-livelihood functions (EPLFs) index system to quantify and compare the functions of various cooperative and individual management grasslands. A comprehensive functions index (CFI), a total functions value (TF) and a trade-off index (TOI) were built to evaluate these two types of grasslands. The results indicated that production function (PF) of cooperative management grasslands were significantly higher and lower than those of individual management grasslands due to higher productive fixed assets of cooperative management grasslands. By contrast, ecological and livelihood function of cooperative and individual management grasslands did not show significant difference. In addition, the correlation between PF and CFI was also higher in cooperative management grasslands than individual management grasslands. The SEM analysis revealed that the ecological and production functions have positive direct effects on TF. Furthermore, the PF have negative direct effects on TOI. The cooperative management grasslands with higher PF can reduce TOI and enhance TF, and in turn increase the CFI, compared with individual management grasslands. The improvement of PF is critical for enhancing overall EPLFs and decreasing the trade-off of EPLFs. Therefore, we recommend that policymakers attach importance to the multi-objective optimization potential offered by cooperative management grasslands, and provide corresponding policy support to decrease trade-offs and increase synergies of EPLFs on the QTP.

中文翻译：

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合作经营减少了青藏高原草原多功能的权衡


气候变化和人为干扰已经威胁到青藏高原高寒草原的生态、生产和生计功能（EPLF）等生态系统功能。将EPLF之间的权衡和协同纳入区域发展决策体系对于青藏高原实现可持续发展目标具有重要意义。本研究构建了生态-生产-生计功能（EPLFs）指标体系来量化和比较各种合作社和个体经营草地的功能。建立了综合功能指数（CFI）、总功能值（TF）和权衡指数（TOI）来评价这两类草地。结果表明，由于合作经营草地的生产性固定资产较高，合作经营草地的生产函数（PF）显着高于和低于个体经营草地。相比之下，合作社和个体经营草地的生态和生计功能没有表现出显着差异。此外，合作经营草地的PF和CFI相关性也高于个体经营草地。 SEM分析表明，生态函数和生产函数对TF有正向的直接影响。此外，PF对TOI有直接的负面影响。与个体经营草地相比，较高PF的合作经营草地可以降低TOI，提高TF，进而提高CFI。 PF 的改进对于增强整体 EPLF 和减少 EPLF 的权衡至关重要。 因此，我们建议政策制定者重视草原合作经营所带来的多目标优化潜力，并提供相应的政策支持，以减少草原牧场在青藏高原上的权衡，增强草原合作的协同效应。