BACKGROUND Blood purification therapy for patients overloaded with metabolic toxins or drugs still needs improvement. Blood purification therapies, such as in hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis can profit from a combined application with nanoparticles. SUMMARY In this review, the published literature is analyzed with respect to nanomaterials that have been customized and functionalized as nano-adsorbents during blood purification therapy. Liposomes possess a distinct combined structure composed of a hydrophobic lipid bilayer and a hydrophilic core. The liposomes which have enzymes in their aqueous core or obtain specific surface modifications of the lipid bilayer can offer appreciated advantages. Preclinical and clinical experiments with such modified liposomes show that they are highly efficient and generally safe. They may serve as indirect and direct adsorption materials both in hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis treatment for patients with renal or hepatic failure. Apart from dialysis, nanoparticles made of specially designed metal and activated carbon have also been utilized to enhance the removal of solutes during hemoadsorption. Results are a superior adsorption capacity and good hemocompatibility shown during the treatment of patients with toxication or end-stage renal disease. In summary, nanomaterials are promising tools for improving the treatment efficacy of organ failure or toxication. KEY MESSAGES (i) The pH-transmembrane liposomes and enzyme-loaded liposomes are two representatives of liposomes with modified aqueous inner core which have been put into practice in dialysis. (ii) Unmodified or physiochemically modified liposomal bilayers are ideal binders for lipophilic protein-bound uremic toxins or cholestatic solutes, thus liposome-supported dialysis could become the next-generation hemodialysis treatment of artificial liver support system. (iii) Novel nano-based sorbents featuring large surface area, high adsorption capacity and decent biocompatibility have shown promise in the treatment of uremia, hyperbilirubinemia, intoxication, and sepsis. (vi) A major challenge of production lies in avoiding changes in physical and chemical properties induced by manufacturing and sterilizing procedures.

中文翻译：

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纳米颗粒作为新型吸附剂在血液净化策略中的应用。


背景技术对于代谢毒素或药物超负荷的患者的血液净化治疗仍需要改进。血液净化疗法，例如血液透析或腹膜透析，可以从纳米颗粒的联合应用中受益。总结 在这篇综述中，对已发表的文献进行了分析，涉及在血液净化治疗期间被定制和功能化为纳米吸附剂的纳米材料。脂质体具有由疏水性脂质双层和亲水性核心组成的独特组合结构。在其水性核心中具有酶或获得脂双层的特定表面修饰的脂质体可以提供令人赞赏的优点。这种修饰脂质体的临床前和临床实验表明它们非常有效并且通常是安全的。它们可以作为肾功能衰竭或肝功能衰竭患者的血液透析和腹膜透析治疗中的间接和直接吸附材料。除了透析之外，由特殊设计的金属和活性炭制成的纳米颗粒也被用来增强血液吸附过程中溶质的去除。结果是在中毒或终末期肾病患者的治疗过程中表现出优异的吸附能力和良好的血液相容性。总之，纳米材料是提高器官衰竭或中毒治疗效果的有前途的工具。关键信息 (i) pH 跨膜脂质体和载酶脂质体是已应用于透析的改性水内核脂质体的两个代表。 （ii）未修饰或物理化学修饰的脂质体双层是亲脂性蛋白结合的尿毒症毒素或胆汁淤积性溶质的理想粘合剂，因此脂质体支持的透析可能成为人工肝支持系统的下一代血液透析治疗。 （iii）新型纳米吸附剂具有大表面积、高吸附能力和良好的生物相容性，在治疗尿毒症、高胆红素血症、中毒和败血症方面显示出良好的前景。 (vi) 生产的一个主要挑战在于避免制造和灭菌过程引起的物理和化学性质的变化。