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The influence of mixing on seasonal carbon dioxide and methane fluxes in ponds
Biogeochemistry ( IF 3.9 ) Pub Date : 2024-08-21 , DOI: 10.1007/s10533-024-01167-7
Joseph S. Rabaey , James B. Cotner

Inland waters are important sources of the greenhouse gases carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4). Ponds have amongst the highest CO2 and CH4 fluxes of all aquatic ecosystems, yet seasonal variation in fluxes remain poorly characterized, creating challenges for accurately estimating annual emissions. Further, ponds can exhibit a range of mixing regimes, yet the impact of mixing regimes on gas emissions remains unclear. Here, we assessed annual dynamics of CO2 and CH4 in four temperate ponds (Minnesota, USA) that varied in mixing regimes. The ponds ranged from annual sinks to sources of CO2 (−1 to 15 mol m−2 yr−1) and were all significant sources of CH4 (4.3–8.2 mol m−2 yr−1), with annual fluxes in CO2 equivalents of 1.8–4.1 kg CO2-eq. m−2 yr−1. Mixing regimes impacted CO2 and CH4 dynamics, as stratified periods were associated with more anoxia, greater accumulation of gases in the bottom waters, higher emissions of CH4, and lower fluxes of CO2. Ponds with stronger summer stratification also had increased CO2 and CH4 fluxes associated with fall turnover. Overall, the two ponds with the strongest stratification had higher annual fluxes (2.6, 4.1 kg CO2-eq. m−2 yr−1) compared to the two ponds that more frequently mixed (1.8, 2.2 kg CO2-eq. m−2 yr−1).



中文翻译:


混合对池塘季节性二氧化碳和甲烷通量的影响



内陆水域是温室气体二氧化碳(CO 2 )和甲烷(CH 4 )的重要来源。池塘的 CO 2和 CH 4通量是所有水生生态系统中最高的,但通量的季节性变化仍然很难表征,这给准确估算年度排放量带来了挑战。此外,池塘可以表现出一系列混合方式,但混合方式对气体排放的影响仍不清楚。在这里,我们评估了四个温带池塘(美国明尼苏达州)中混合方式不同的 CO 2和 CH 4的年度动态。这些池塘的范围从年汇到CO 2源(−1 至15 mol m -2 yr -1 ),并且都是CH 4的重要来源(4.3–8.2 mol m -2 yr -1 ),年通量为CO 2当量 1.8–4.1 kg CO 2 -eq. m -2-1 。混合方式影响CO 2和CH 4动态,因为分层周期与更多的缺氧、底层水中更多的气体积累、更高的CH 4排放和更低的CO 2通量相关。夏季分层较强的池塘也增加了与秋季周转相关的CO 2和CH 4通量。总体而言,与更频繁混合的两个池塘(1.8、2.2 kg CO 2 -eq. m -2 yr -1 )相比,分层最强的两个池塘的年通量更高(2.6、4.1 kg CO 2 -eq. m -2 yr -1 ) -2-1 )。

更新日期:2024-08-21
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