Practicing retrieval is a potent learning enhancer. Theoretical accounts of the testing effect generally suggest that the magnitude of the testing effect is dependent on retrieval practice performance, such that conditions that promote better retrieval practice performance should result in a greater testing effect. Empirical evidence, however, has been mixed. Although some studies showed a positive association between retrieval practice performance and the testing effect, others have shown either no relation or the reverse. In the present study, we experimentally manipulated retrieval practice performance using a retrieval-based response deadline manipulation and an encoding-based study trial manipulation. Across six experiments, the magnitude of the testing effect was independent of retrieval practice performance. However, when we aggregated the data across the experiments, participants with superior retrieval practice performance showed a greater testing effect-an individual difference. This dissociation between experimental and correlational outcomes suggests that the positive relation between retrieval practice performance and the testing effect is not causal, and indeed, simulation data showed that the correlation between retrieval practice performance and testing effect was an artifact. We discuss the challenges these findings present to existing accounts of the testing effect. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

---

测试效果的大小与检索练习的表现无关。


练习检索是一种有效的学习增强剂。对测试效果的理论解释通常表明，测试效果的大小取决于检索实践的表现，因此促进更好的检索实践表现的条件应该会产生更大的测试效果。然而，经验证据却好坏参半。尽管一些研究表明检索练习表现与测试效果之间存在正相关关系，但其他研究表明要么没有关系，要么相反。在本研究中，我们使用基于检索的响应期限操作和基于编码的研究试验操作来实验性地操作检索练习表现。在六个实验中，测试效果的大小与检索练习的表现无关。然而，当我们汇总实验中的数据时，具有出色检索练习表现的参与者表现出更大的测试效果——个体差异。实验结果和相关结果之间的这种分离表明，检索练习表现和测试效果之间的正相关关系不是因果关系，事实上，模拟数据表明，检索练习表现和测试效果之间的相关性是人为的。我们讨论这些发现给现有的测试效果描述带来的挑战。 （PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2024 APA，保留所有权利）。