Fermented liquid feed (FLF) can improve dietary nutrient absorption levels, degrade antinutrient factors in diets, and increase beneficial bacteria abundance in animal guts. However, few systematic studies have been conducted on wheat-based fermented liquid feed (WFLF) in pigs. The present study evaluates the effects of WFLF on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, gastric volume, intestinal morphology, intestinal health, intestinal barrier function, serum biochemical immunity, gut microbiota, and intestinal microbial diversity of grower–finisher pigs. In total, 80 weaned pigs were randomly allocated to two treatment groups based on their initial body weight: a basal diet with pellet dry feeding (CON) and a basal diet with WFLF, with four replicate pens per group. The experiment lasted 82 d. Compared with CON pigs, those fed WFLF were significantly heavier at 60 to 82 d and had significantly higher average daily feed intake, average daily gain, and gain: feed ratio at 60 to 82 d and 1 to 82 d. WFLF pigs had significantly greater jejunum, total tract, and ileal digestibility for all nutrients and amino acids, excluding arginine, than CON pigs. WFLF intake influenced villus height, villus height:crypt depth ratio of the anterior segment of the jejunum (A-jejunum), crypt depth, and redox potential of the posterior segment of the jejunum (P-jejunum) while significantly affecting body weight. Additionally, FLF improved gastric capacity significantly. Furthermore, mRNA expression of occludin and claudin-1 in the mucosa of the ileum and jejunum was significantly higher in WFLF pigs than in CON pigs. WFLF increased serum concentrations of alanine transaminase and reduced low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, total cholesterol, and total bile acid content. The alpha diversity (Shannon and Simpson indices) in the stomachs of WFLF pigs was significantly higher than in CON pigs. Microbial diversity in the stomach, ileum, and cecum, as well as the abundance of lactic acid bacteria, were increased in WFLF pigs compared to CON pigs. In conclusion, WFLF intake may positively influence intestinal ecology by improving digestive tract structure, upregulating intestinal barrier-related genes, and improving intestinal morphology to enhance intestinal digestive function and health. Collectively, the present study shows that WFLF intake can increase growth performance while maintaining beneficial nutrient digestibility in grower–finisher pigs.

中文翻译：

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小麦发酵液体饲料对生长育肥猪生长性能、营养物质消化率、肠道菌群、肠道形态和屏障功能的影响


发酵液体饲料 （FLF） 可以提高膳食营养吸收水平，降解饮食中的抗营养因子，并增加动物肠道中有益细菌的丰度。然而，对猪的小麦发酵液体饲料 （WFLF） 进行的系统研究很少。本研究评估了 WFLF 对生长育肥猪生长性能、营养消化率、胃容量、肠道形态、肠道健康、肠道屏障功能、血清生化免疫、肠道微生物群和肠道微生物多样性的影响。总共将 80 头断奶仔猪根据初始体重随机分配到两个处理组：颗粒干饲 （CON） 基础日粮和 WFLF 基础日粮，每组 4 个重复猪栏。实验持续 82 d。与 CON 猪相比，饲喂 WFLF 的猪在 60 至 82 天时显著更重，平均日采食量、平均日增重以及 60 至 82 天和 1 至 82 天的平均日增重和增重：饲料比显著更高。 不包括精氨酸，比 CON 猪。WFLF 摄入量影响了空肠前段 （A-空肠） 的绒毛高度：隐窝深度比值、隐窝深度和空肠后段 （P-空肠） 的氧化还原电位，同时显着影响体重。此外，FLF 显着改善了胃容量。此外，WFLF 猪回肠和空肠粘膜中 occludin 和 claudin-1 的 mRNA 表达显著高于 CON 猪。WFLF 增加血清丙氨酸转氨酶浓度，降低低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、总胆固醇和总胆汁酸含量。 WFLF 猪胃中的 α 多样性 （Shannon 和 Simpson 指数） 显著高于 CON 猪。与 CON 猪相比，WFLF 猪胃、回肠和盲肠的微生物多样性以及乳酸菌的丰度增加。总之，WFLF 摄入可能通过改善消化道结构、上调肠道屏障相关基因、改善肠道形态以增强肠道消化功能和健康，对肠道生态产生积极影响。总的来说，目前的研究表明，WFLF 摄入量可以提高生长性能，同时保持生长育肥猪的有益营养消化率。