Bilingual environments provide a commonplace example of increased complexity and uncertainty. Learning multiple languages entails mastery of a larger and more variable range of sounds, words, syntactic structures, pragmatic conventions, and more complex mapping of linguistic information to objects in the world. Recent research suggests that bilingual learners demonstrate fundamental variation in how they explore and learn from their environment, which may derive from this increased complexity. In particular, the increased complexity and variability of bilingual environments may broaden the focus of learners' attention, laying a different attentional foundation for learning. In this review, we introduce a novel framework, with accompanying empirical evidence, for understanding how early learners may adapt to a more complex environment, drawing on bilingualism as an example. Three adaptations, each relevant to the demands of abstracting structure from a complex environment, are introduced. Each adaptation is discussed in the context of empirical evidence attesting to shifts in basic psychological processes in bilingual learners. This evidence converges on the notion that bilingual learners may explore their environment more broadly. Downstream consequences of broader sampling for perception and learning are discussed. Finally, recommendations for future research to expand the scientific narrative on the impact of diverse environments on learning are provided. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

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环境多样性对探索和学习的影响：双语案例。


双语环境是复杂性和不确定性增加的常见例子。学习多种语言需要掌握更大、更可变的声音、单词、句法结构、语用惯例，以及更复杂的语言信息到世界上物体的映射。最近的研究表明，双语学习者在探索和学习环境方面表现出根本性的差异，这可能是由于这种复杂性的增加。特别是，双语环境的复杂性和可变性可能会扩大学习者的注意力范围，为学习奠定不同的注意力基础。在这篇综述中，我们以双语为例，介绍了一个新的框架，并附有实证证据，用于了解早期学习者如何适应更复杂的环境。介绍了三种适应方式，每种适应方式都与从复杂环境中抽象结构的需求有关。每种适应都是在证明双语学习者基本心理过程变化的经验证据的背景下讨论的。这一证据集中在双语学习者可以更广泛地探索他们的环境这一概念上。讨论了更广泛采样对感知和学习的下游影响。最后，为未来研究提供了建议，以扩大关于不同环境对学习影响的科学叙述。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 （c） 2024 APA，保留所有权利）。