sp. is one of the widely known spicy aromatic and medicinal plants widely used in medicine, cooking and perfumery. Biochar is an amendment to improve soil quality attributes. However, the interactive effect of cultivation and biochar application rate (BAR) on soil quality indicators in field conditions is not documented yet. This study aimed to investigate the effect of biochar of apple tree branches (BAR of 0, 1 and 2 %), two species (TS, and ), and soil sampling zone (SSZ, rhizosphere and bulk soil) on structural stability and water repellency of a silty clay loam soil in the field conditions. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with a factorial arrangement of the 12 treatments (i.e., 3 levels of BAR × 2 levels of TS × 2 levels of SSZ) with three replicates in Absard plain research site with semiarid climate affiliated with Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, east of the Tehran. After plant harvest, the soil aggregate stability was characterized by high energy moisture characteristic (HEMC) and percent of water-stable aggregates (WSA), and the soil water repellency was measured by the sorptivity method. Biochar affected soil structural stability indices in both rhizosphere of the two species and bulk soil. The results showed that an increase in the BAR from 0 to 1 and 2 % enhanced the soil organic carbon (SOC) by 22 and 48 % and consequently increased the HEMC stability ratio from 0.616 to 0.667 and 0.859, respectively. Water holding capacity in the biochar treatments was higher in all matric suctions, therefore, greater HEMC aggregate-structure stability indices were measured in the biochar-amended soils. The rhizosphere soil had significantly greater mean of organic carbon storage (6.74 g kg), stability ratio (0.762) and water repellency index (4.08) compared to those in the bulk soil (5.23 g kg, 0.666 and 2.17, respectively). The rhizosphere of (with greater root development in the upper layers) had significantly greater WSA (59.6 %) compared to that of (51.2 %). However, there was no significant difference between the two plant species for SOC in the rhizosphere. This finding implies that quality (not quantity) and fractions of organic matter might be different in the rhizosphere of the plant species. Water repellency could partly explain the structural stability differences in the rhizosphere of and species. Overall, the combination of wood biochar application with a rate of 1 % and cultivation is recommended for improving soil physical quality in the region and similar zones.

中文翻译：

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木质生物炭施用和百里香物种对灌溉农业土壤物理质量的交互影响


sp。是一种广为人知的辛香芳香和药用植物，广泛用于医药、烹饪和香料。生物炭是一种改善土壤质量属性的改良剂。然而，耕作和生物炭施用量（BAR）对田间条件下土壤质量指标的交互影响尚未有记录。本研究旨在研究苹果树枝（BAR 为 0%、1% 和 2%）、两个物种（TS 和 ）和土壤采样区（SSZ、根际和土体）的生物炭对结构稳定性和防水性的影响粉质粘壤土在田间条件下的分布。该实验采用随机完全区组设计，对 12 个处理进行因子排列（即 3 个 BAR 水平×2 个 TS 水平×2 个 SSZ 水平），在具有半干旱气候的 Absard 平原研究地点进行了 3 个重复。森林和牧场研究所，德黑兰以东。植物收获后，通过高能水分特性（HEMC）和水稳定性团聚体百分比（WSA）来表征土壤团聚体稳定性，并通过吸着力法测量土壤拒水性。生物炭影响两个物种根际和土壤的土壤结构稳定性指数。结果表明，BAR 从 0 增加到 1 和 2% 会使土壤有机碳 (SOC) 增加 22% 和 48%，从而使 HEMC 稳定性比分别从 0.616 增加到 0.667 和 0.859。在所有基质吸力中，生物炭处理的持水能力都较高，因此，在生物炭改良的土壤中测量到了更高的 HEMC 团聚结构稳定性指数。根际土壤的平均有机碳储量（6.74 g·kg）、稳定比（0.762）和防水指数（4.08）与散装土壤（分别为5.23 g·kg、0.666和2.17）相比。与 的 (51.2 %) 相比， 的根际 (上层根部发育更大) 的 WSA (59.6 %) 显着更高。然而，两种植物的根际 SOC 没有显着差异。这一发现意味着植物物种根际有机物的质量（而不是数量）和比例可能不同。拒水性可以部分解释不同物种根际结构稳定性的差异。总体而言，建议将1%的木质生物炭施用与耕作相结合，以改善该地区及类似地区的土壤物理质量。