The genus spp. has long been recognized as a healing herb for its use in treating fever, inflammation, and pain relief, as well as a food source for its nutritional value. In this study, we aimed to explore the potential bioactive natural products in the leaves of , commonly known as Korean pussy willow, for their protective effects against skin damage, including aging. Utilizing LC/MS-guided chemical analysis of the ethanol extract of leaves, with a focus on major compounds, we successfully isolated two main phenolic compounds, tremulacin () and tremuloidin (). Subsequently, we investigated the protective effects of tremulacin () and tremuloidin () in TNF-α-stimulated human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs). The results revealed that both tremulacin () and tremuloidin () inhibited TNF-α-stimulation-induced ROS, suppressed matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) expression, and enhanced collagen secretion. This implies that both tremulacin () and tremuloidin () hold promise as preventive agents against photoaging-induced skin aging. Furthermore, we assessed the activity of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) to elucidate the mechanism of photoaging inhibition by tremuloidin (), which exhibited superior efficacy. We found that tremuloidin () inhibited ERK and p38 phosphorylation and notably suppressed COX-2 expression while significantly upregulating HO-1 expression. These findings suggest potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of tremuloidin (), positioning it as a potential candidate for combating photoaging-induced skin aging.

中文翻译：

---

木瓜叶中主要酚类化合物震木素和震木素对 TNF-α 刺激的人真皮成纤维细胞的潜在皮肤抗衰老作用


该属。长期以来，它一直被认为是一种治疗草药，因为它可用于治疗发烧、炎症和缓解疼痛，并且因其营养价值而被认为是食物来源。在这项研究中，我们旨在探索韩国褪色柳叶子中潜在的生物活性天然产物，其对皮肤损伤（包括衰老）的保护作用。利用 LC/MS 引导对叶子乙醇提取物进行化学分析，重点关注主要化合物，我们成功分离出两种主要酚类化合物，即山木素 (tremulacin) 和山木素 (tremuloidin)。随后，我们研究了震木素 (tremulacin) 和震木素 (tremuloidin) 对 TNF-α 刺激的人真皮成纤维细胞 (HDF) 的保护作用。结果表明，tremulacin () 和 tremuloidin () 均能抑制 TNF-α 刺激诱导的 ROS，抑制基质金属蛋白酶-1 (MMP-1) 表达，并增强胶原蛋白分泌。这意味着震木素 (tremulacin) 和震木素 (tremuloidin) 有望作为光老化引起的皮肤老化的预防剂。此外，我们还评估了丝裂原激活蛋白激酶 (MAPK)、环氧合酶-2 (COX-2) 和血红素加氧酶 1 (HO-1) 的活性，以阐明颤木素 () 抑制光老化的机制，该机制表现出优异的功效。我们发现tremuloidin () 抑制ERK 和p38 磷酸化，显着抑制COX-2 表达，同时显着上调HO-1 表达。这些发现表明震颤素具有有效的抗炎和抗氧化特性，使其成为对抗光老化引起的皮肤老化的潜在候选者。