This article unveils how the French political ideology of universalism benefits from the perpetual racialization of others. Drawing from various definitions and understandings of racial capitalism, I demonstrate how the success of universalism relies on the racialization of French society to strengthen its homogenizing cultural hegemony. Cedric Robinson notes that European civilization has historically demonstrated a tendency to differentiate social, cultural, and linguistic differences along racial lines and therefore becomes a distinctive subject of how racism and capitalism intersect in the form of a political ideology. I understand racial capitalism as a process where one derives social or economic value from the racial identity of another person. In this manner, I propose that universalism gains social and economic value by maintaining a racialized and differentiated social and working consciousness. To reinforce these observations, this article will examine various cultural events of the early 21st century where individuals of color and their labor are positioned as profitable entities for the Republic. These examples will highlight how certain French political agents employ universalism to assign socially tangible value to non-White bodies who adopt Republican values. The essay unfolds over three sections: firstly, an overview of the French universalist model and its contemporary crisis in light of a postimperial, pluralistic society; secondly, a theoretical reading of how racial capitalism and universalism intersect to produce and reproduce systemic inequalities that universalism purports to erase; and lastly, an analysis of various cultural examples that showcase how the institution of universalism, a cultural superstructure, depends on the infrastructure of non-White bodies to maintain its hegemony.

中文翻译：

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法国普世主义的差异：种族资本主义对法国普世主义的解读


本文揭示了法国的普世主义政治意识形态如何从他人的永久种族化中受益。我借鉴对种族资本主义的各种定义和理解，论证了普世主义的成功如何依赖法国社会的种族化来加强其同质化的文化霸权。塞德里克·罗宾逊指出，欧洲文明在历史上表现出一种按照种族界限区分社会、文化和语言差异的倾向，因此成为种族主义和资本主义如何以政治意识形态的形式交叉的独特主题。我将种族资本主义理解为一个人从另一个人的种族身份中获取社会或经济价值的过程。通过这种方式，我建议普遍主义通过保持种族化和差异化的社会和工作意识来获得社会和经济价值。为了强化这些观察，本文将研究 21 世纪初的各种文化事件，在这些事件中，有色人种及其劳动力被定位为共和国的盈利实体。这些例子将凸显某些法国政治代理人如何利用普世主义为采用共和党价值观的非白人团体赋予社会有形价值。 文章分为三个部分：首先，概述法国普世主义模式及其在后帝国、多元化社会背景下的当代危机；其次，对种族资本主义和普遍主义如何交叉产生和再现普遍主义旨在消除的系统性不平等进行理论解读；最后，对各种文化实例的分析，展示了普遍主义制度（一种文化上层建筑）如何依赖非白人团体的基础设施来维持其霸权。