This paper discusses how the concept of norms of speech and thought presentation relates to speech and thought presentation in actual texts with reference to the examination of two corpora, Semino and Short’s discourse presentation corpus, and a corpus of contemporary present-tense fiction. Through this approach, we review the meanings of the norms in each kind of discourse presentation. Leech and Short suggest that the norm of speech presentation is direct speech (DS) and the norm of thought presentation is indirect thought (IT). Examining their claim quantitatively and qualitatively, we will discuss how forms of speech and thought presentation are chosen in different socio-lingual contexts. Our examination strongly indicates that DS predominantly serves as the norm for speech presentation. However, thought presentation exhibits a higher degree of variability, influenced by genre, text type, and narrative tense and mode, and thus our investigation did not ascertain a singular category that consistently prevails quantitatively over others in thought presentation.

中文翻译：

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利奇和肖特的言语和思想表达规范回顾


本文通过对塞米诺和肖特的话语呈现语料库以及当代现在时小说语料库这两个语料库的考察，讨论了言语和思想呈现规范的概念如何与实际文本中的言语和思想呈现相关。通过这种方法，我们回顾了每种话语呈现中的规范的含义。 Leech和Short认为言语表达的规范是直接言语（DS），思想表达的规范是间接思维（IT）。通过定量和定性检验他们的主张，我们将讨论如何在不同的社会语言环境中选择言语和思想表达的形式。我们的检查强烈表明 DS 主要充当演讲演示的规范。然而，思想表达表现出更高程度的可变性，受到体裁、文本类型、叙事时态和模式的影响，因此我们的调查并没有确定一个在思想表达方面在数量上始终优于其他类别的单一类别。