This article reviews the anti-penetration principles and strengthening mechanisms of metal materials, ranging from macroscopic failure modes to microscopic structural characteristics, and further summarizes the micro–macro correlation in the anti-penetration process. Finally, it outlines the constitutive models and numerical simulation studies utilized in the field of impact and penetration. From the macro perspective, nine frequent penetration failure modes of metal materials are summarized, with a focus on the analysis of the cratering, compression shear, penetration, and plugging stages of the penetration process. The reasons for the formation of adiabatic shear bands (ASBs) in metal materials with different crystal structures are elaborated, and the formation mechanism of the equiaxed grains in the ASB is explored. Both the strength and the toughness of metal materials are related to the materials’ crystal structures and microstructures. The toughness is mainly influenced by the deformation mechanism, while the strength is explained by the strengthening mechanism. Therefore, the mechanical properties of metal materials depend on their microstructures, which are subject to the manufacturing process and material composition. Regarding numerical simulation, the advantages and disadvantages of different constitutive models and simulation methods are summarized based on the application characteristics of metal materials in high-speed penetration practice. In summary, this article provides a systematic overview of the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of metal materials, along with their mechanisms and correlation during the anti-penetration and impact-resistance processes, thereby making an important contribution to the scientific understanding of anti-penetration performance and its optimization in metal materials.

中文翻译：

---

金属材料抗侵彻性能及机理研究进展


本文从宏观失效模式到微观结构特征，综述了金属材料的抗侵彻原理和强化机制，并进一步总结了抗侵彻过程中的微观与宏观关联。最后，概述了冲击和侵彻领域中使用的本构模型和数值模拟研究。从宏观角度总结了金属材料的九种常见侵彻破坏模式，重点对侵彻过程的缩孔、压剪、侵彻和堵塞阶段进行了分析。阐述了不同晶体结构金属材料中绝热剪切带（ASB）形成的原因，并探讨了ASB中等轴晶的形成机制。金属材料的强度和韧性都与材料的晶体结构和微观结构有关。韧性主要受变形机制影响，而强度则由强化机制影响。因此，金属材料的力学性能取决于其微观结构，而微观结构又受制造工艺和材料成分的影响。数值模拟方面，根据金属材料在高速侵彻实践中的应用特点，总结了不同本构模型和模拟方法的优缺点。 综上所述，本文系统概述了金属材料在抗侵彻和抗冲击过程中的宏观和微观特征及其机理和相互关系，为科学认识抗侵彻性能做出了重要贡献及其在金属材料中的优化。