The frequent occurrence of antibiotics in the aquatic environment has engendered negative impacts on non-target organisms. The effects of the veterinary antibiotic florfenicol (FLO) during the embryo-larval development of the sea urchin, was assessed using four increasing concentrations (1, 2, 5 and 10 mg/L). Furthermore, FLO toxicity to adults was investigated through the analysis of oxidative damage, histopathological alterations, lipid metabolism and acetylcholinesterase activity following an exposure period of 96 h. FLO induced embryotoxicity with estimated EC50 values of 5.75, 7.56 and 3.29 mg/L after 12 h, 24 h and 48 h, respectively. It generated oxidative stress assessed as lipid peroxidation in gonads despite the increased antioxidant activity of catalase (CAT). Neurotoxicity was also evident since the AChE activity significantly decreased. Moreover, FLO affected the lipid metabolism by increasing saturated fatty acid (SFA) and monounsaturated fatty acid proportions (MUFA), except in the group exposed to 5 mg/L. The increase in polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) levels and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6n-3) proportions were noted with all FLO concentrations. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5n-3) decreased, while arachidonic acid (ARA, C20:4n-6) increased in sea urchins exposed to 5 and 10 mg/L FLO. Histopathological alterations of gonadal tissues represent an additional confirmation about the toxicity of this antibiotic that might decrease the reproductive performance of this species. Nevertheless, even if reproduction of sea urchins would be partially successful, the embryotoxicity would compromise the normal development of the embryos with consequences on the population.

中文翻译：

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氟苯尼考可诱导胚胎畸形，并导致脂质谱改变、氧化损伤、神经毒性以及对成年海胆（Paracentrotus lividus）性腺的组织学影响


水环境中抗生素的频繁出现对非靶标生物产生了负面影响。使用四种逐渐增加的浓度（1、2、5 和 10 mg/L）评估了兽用抗生素氟苯尼考 (FLO) 在海胆胚胎幼虫发育过程中的影响。此外，通过分析暴露 96 小时后的氧化损伤、组织病理学改变、脂质代谢和乙酰胆碱酯酶活性，研究了 FLO 对成人的毒性。 FLO 诱导胚胎毒性，12 小时、24 小时和 48 小时后的 EC50 估计值分别为 5.75、7.56 和 3.29 mg/L。尽管过氧化氢酶（CAT）的抗氧化活性增加，但它产生了氧化应激，评估为性腺中的脂质过氧化。由于 AChE 活性显着降低，神经毒性也很明显。此外，FLO 通过增加饱和脂肪酸 (SFA) 和单不饱和脂肪酸 (MUFA) 比例来影响脂质代谢，但暴露于 5 mg/L 的组除外。所有 FLO 浓度下，多不饱和脂肪酸 (PUFA) 水平和二十二碳六烯酸 (DHA, C22:6n-3) 比例均有所增加。暴露于 5 毫克/升和 10 毫克/升 FLO 的海胆中二十碳五烯酸（EPA，C20：5n-3）减少，而花生四烯酸（ARA，C20：4n-6）增加。性腺组织的组织病理学改变进一步证实了这种抗生素的毒性，可能会降低该物种的繁殖性能。然而，即使海胆的繁殖部分成功，胚胎毒性也会损害胚胎的正常发育，从而对种群产生影响。