Autonomous micro/nanorobots capable of performing programmed missions are at the forefront of next-generation micromachinery. These small robotic systems are predominantly constructed using functional components sourced from micro- and nanoscale materials; therefore, combining them with various advanced materials represents a pivotal direction toward achieving a higher level of intelligence and multifunctionality. This review provides a comprehensive overview of advanced materials for innovative micro/nanorobotics, focusing on the five families of materials that have witnessed the most rapid advancements over the last decade: two-dimensional materials, metal–organic frameworks, semiconductors, polymers, and biological cells. Their unique physicochemical, mechanical, optical, and biological properties have been integrated into micro/nanorobots to achieve greater maneuverability, programmability, intelligence, and multifunctionality in collective behaviors. The design and fabrication methods for hybrid robotic systems are discussed based on the material categories. In addition, their promising potential for powering motion and/or (multi-)functionality is described and the fundamental principles underlying them are explained. Finally, their extensive use in a variety of applications, including environmental remediation, (bio)sensing, therapeutics, etc., and remaining challenges and perspectives for future research are discussed.

中文翻译：

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用于微/纳米机器人的先进材料


能够执行编程任务的自主微型/纳米机器人处于下一代微型机械的前沿。这些小型机器人系统主要使用来自微米和纳米级材料的功能组件构建;因此，将它们与各种先进材料相结合代表了实现更高水平的智能和多功能性的关键方向。本文全面概述了用于创新微/纳米机器人的先进材料，重点介绍了过去十年中发展最快的五大材料家族：二维材料、金属有机框架、半导体、聚合物和生物细胞。它们独特的物理化学、机械、光学和生物特性已被集成到微型/纳米机器人中，以实现更大的可操作性、可编程性、智能性和集体行为的多功能性。根据材料类别讨论了混合机器人系统的设计和制造方法。此外，还描述了它们在驱动运动和/或（多）功能方面的潜力，并解释了它们的基本原理。最后，讨论了它们在各种应用中的广泛应用，包括环境修复、（生物）传感、治疗等，以及未来研究的剩余挑战和前景。