Children in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs) are disproportionately at risk of not meeting their developmental potential. Parental discipline can promote and hinder child outcomes; however, little research examines how discipline interacts with contextual factors to predict child outcomes in LMICs. Using data from 208,156 households with children between 36 and 59 months (50.5% male) across 63 countries, this study examined whether interactions between gender inequality and discipline (shouting, spanking, beating, and verbal reasoning) predicted child aggression. Results showed aggression was higher in countries with high gender inequality, and associations between discipline and child aggression were weaker in countries where gender inequality was higher. Improvements in country‐level gender parity, in addition to parenting, will be necessary to promote positive child outcomes in LMICs.

中文翻译：

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性别不平等和父母管教的相互作用预测低收入和中等收入国家的儿童攻击行为


低收入和中等收入国家（LMIC）的儿童面临着无法发挥其发展潜力的风险。父母的管教可以促进或阻碍孩子的成长；然而，很少有研究探讨纪律如何与背景因素相互作用以预测中低收入国家的儿童结局。这项研究利用来自 63 个国家 208,156 个有 36 至 59 个月大儿童的家庭（50.5% 为男性）的数据，检验了性别不平等和管教（大喊大叫、打屁股、殴打和口头推理）之间的相互作用是否会预测儿童的攻击性。结果显示，在性别不平等程度较高的国家，攻击行为较高，而在性别不平等程度较高的国家，管教与儿童攻击行为之间的关联较弱。除了养育子女之外，还需要改善国家层面的性别平等，以促进中低收入国家的儿童取得积极的成果。