Diarrhea is a common enteric disease in piglets that leads to high mortality and economic losses in swine production worldwide. Antibiotics are commonly used to prevent or treat diarrhea in piglets. However, irrational antibiotic use contributes to the development of resistance in bacteria and antibiotic residues in animal products, threatening public health, while causing gut microbiota dysbiosis and antibiotic-resistant bacterial infection in piglets. Therefore, the quest for alternative products (such as probiotics, prebiotics, organic acids, enzymes, essential oils, medium-chain fatty acids, zinc, and plant extracts) has recently been clearly emphasized through the increase in regulations regarding antibiotic use in livestock production. These antibiotic alternatives could lower the risk of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and meet consumer demand for antibiotic-free food. Several antibiotic alternatives have been proposed, including immunomodulatory probiotics, as candidates to reduce the need for antimicrobial therapy. Many studies have revealed that probiotics can avert and cure bacterial diarrhea by regulating the gut function and immune system of piglets. In this review, we focus on the major pathogenic bacteria causing piglet diarrhea, the research status of using probiotics to prevent and treat diarrhea, their possible mechanisms, and the safety issues related to the use of probiotics. Supplementation with probiotics is a possible alternative to antibiotics for the prevention or treatment of bacterial diarrhea in piglets. Furthermore, probiotics exert beneficial effects on feed efficiency and growth performance of piglets. Therefore, appropriate selection and strategies for the use of probiotics may have a positive effect on growth performance and also reduce diarrhea in piglets. This review provides useful information on probiotics for researchers, pig nutritionists, and the additive industry to support their use against bacterial diarrhea in piglets. Interaction of probiotics with the gut associated immune system. TLRS, Toll-like receptors; MAPK, Mitogen-activated protein kinases; TRAF, Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor; DC, Dendritic cells; MP, Macrophages; NT, Naïve T cell; IL-10, Interleukin 10 proteins; Tregs, Regulatory T cells; Th1, Type 1 T helper cells; Th2, Type 2 T helper cells; Th17, Type 17 T helper cells; SIgA, Secretory immunoglobulin A; TJs, Tight junctions.

中文翻译：

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免疫调节益生菌在缓解仔猪细菌性腹泻中的作用：系统评价


腹泻是仔猪的一种常见肠道疾病，导致全球养猪业的高死亡率和经济损失。抗生素通常用于预防或治疗仔猪腹泻。然而，不合理使用抗生素会导致细菌产生耐药性和动物产品中抗生素残留，威胁公众健康，同时造成仔猪肠道菌群失调和耐药细菌感染。因此，最近通过增加有关畜牧生产中抗生素使用的法规，明确强调了对替代产品（例如益生菌、益生元、有机酸、酶、精油、中链脂肪酸、锌和植物提取物）的追求。这些抗生素替代品可以降低抗生素耐药细菌的风险，并满足消费者对无抗生素食品的需求。已经提出了几种抗生素替代品，包括免疫调节益生菌，作为减少抗菌治疗需求的候选药物。许多研究表明，益生菌可以通过调节仔猪的肠道功能和免疫系统来预防和治疗细菌性腹泻。本文重点介绍引起仔猪腹泻的主要病原菌、益生菌防治腹泻的研究现状、可能的作用机制以及益生菌使用相关的安全性问题。补充益生菌是预防或治疗仔猪细菌性腹泻的抗生素的可能替代品。此外，益生菌对仔猪的饲料效率和生长性能产生有益影响。 因此，适当的选择和使用益生菌的策略可能对仔猪的生长性能产生积极影响，并减少仔猪腹泻。这篇综述为研究人员、猪营养学家和添加剂行业提供了有关益生菌的有用信息，以支持益生菌用于治疗仔猪细菌性腹泻。益生菌与肠道相关免疫系统的相互作用。 TLRS，Toll 样受体； MAPK，丝裂原激活蛋白激酶； TRAF，肿瘤坏死因子受体相关因子； DC，树突状细胞； MP，巨噬细胞； NT，幼稚 T 细胞； IL-10、白细胞介素10蛋白； Tregs，调节性 T 细胞； Th1，1 型 T 辅助细胞； Th2，2 型 T 辅助细胞； Th17，17 型 T 辅助细胞； SIgA，分泌性免疫球蛋白A； TJ，紧密连接。