In the context of pandemic viruses and pathogenic bacteria, triclosan (TCS), as a typical antibacterial agent, is widely used around the world. However, the health risks from TCS increase with exposure, and it is widespread in environmental and human samples. Notably, environmental transformation and human metabolism could induce potentially undesirable risks to humans, rather than simple decontamination or detoxification. This review summarizes the environmental and human exposure to TCS covering from 2004 to 2023. Particularly, health impacts from the environmental and metabolic transformation of TCS are emphasized. Environmental transformations aimed at decontamination are recognized to form carcinogenic products such as dioxins, and ultraviolet light and excessive active chlorine can promote the formation of these dioxin congeners, potentially threatening environmental and human health. Although TCS can be rapidly metabolized for detoxification, these processes can induce the formation of lipophilic ether metabolic analogs via cytochrome P450 catalysis, causing possible adverse cross-talk reactions in human metabolic disorders. Accordingly, TCS may be more harmful in environmental transformation and human metabolism. In particular, TCS can stimulate the transmission of antibiotic resistance even at trace levels, threatening public health. Considering these accruing epidemiological and toxicological studies indicating the multiple adverse health outcomes of TCS, we call on environmental toxicologists to pay more attention to the toxicity evolution of TCS during environmental transformation and human metabolism.

中文翻译：

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三氯生在环境转变和人体新陈代谢过程中的毒性演变：后疫情时代的疑虑


在病毒和病原菌大流行的背景下，三氯生（TCS）作为典型的抗菌剂在世界范围内得到广泛应用。然而，TCS 的健康风险随着接触量的增加而增加，并且在环境和人类样本中广泛存在。值得注意的是，环境转变和人类新陈代谢可能会给人类带来潜在的不良风险，而不是简单的净化或解毒。本综述总结了 2004 年至 2023 年期间环境和人类接触 TCS 的情况。特别强调了 TCS 环境和代谢转变对健康的影响。以净化为目的的环境改造被认为会形成二恶英等致癌产物，而紫外线和过量的活性氯会促进这些二恶英同系物的形成，可能威胁环境和人类健康。虽然TCS可以快速代谢解毒，但这些过程可以通过细胞色素P450催化诱导亲脂性醚代谢类似物的形成，从而在人类代谢紊乱中引起可能的不良串扰反应。因此，TCS对环境改造和人体新陈代谢的危害可能更大。特别是，即使是痕量水平的 TCS 也会刺激抗生素耐药性的传播，从而威胁公众健康。考虑到越来越多的流行病学和毒理学研究表明 TCS 对健康产生多种不良后果，我们呼吁环境毒理学家更多地关注 TCS 在环境转变和人体新陈代谢过程中的毒性演变。