Helicobacter pylori infection is involved in gastric diseases such as peptic ulcer and adenocarcinoma. Approved antibiotherapies still fail in 10 to 40% of the infected patients and, in this scenario, targeted nanotherapeutics emerged as powerful allies for H. pylori eradication. Nano/microparticles conjugated with H. pylori binding molecules were developed to eliminate H. pylori by either (i) blocking essential mechanisms of infection, such as adhesion to gastric mucosa or (ii) binding and killing H. pylori through the release of drugs within the bacteria or at the site of infection. Glycan antigens (as Lewis B and sialyl-Lewis X), pectins, lectins, phosphatidylethanolamine and epithelial cell membranes were conjugated with nano/microparticles to successfully block H. pylori adhesion. Urea-coated nanoparticles were used to improve drug delivery inside bacteria through H. pylori UreI channel. Moreover, nanoparticles coated with antibodies against H. pylori and loaded with sono/photosensitizers, were promising for their application as targeted sono/photodynamic therapies. Further, non-specific H. pylori nano/microparticles, but only active in the acidic gastric environment, coated with binders to bacterial membrane, extracellular polymeric substances or to high temperature requirement A protease, were evaluated. In this review, an overview of the existing nanotherapeutics targeting H. pylori will be given and their rational, potential to counteract infection, as well as level of development will be presented and discussed.

中文翻译：

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用于治疗幽门螺杆菌感染的靶向纳米疗法


幽门螺杆菌感染与消化性溃疡、腺癌等胃部疾病有关。已批准的抗生素疗法对 10% 至 40% 的感染患者仍然无效，在这种情况下，靶向纳米疗法成为根除幽门螺杆菌的强大盟友。开发了与幽门螺杆菌结合分子缀合的纳米/微粒子，通过以下两种方式消除幽门螺杆菌：(i) 阻断感染的基本机制，例如对胃粘膜的粘附；或 (ii) 通过在内部释放药物来结合并杀死幽门螺杆菌。细菌或感染部位。聚糖抗原（如 Lewis B 和唾液酸-Lewis X）、果胶、凝集素、磷脂酰乙醇胺和上皮细胞膜与纳米/微粒结合，成功阻断幽门螺杆菌粘附。尿素涂层纳米粒子用于通过幽门螺杆菌 UreI 通道改善细菌内部的药物输送。此外，涂有幽门螺杆菌抗体并负载声波/光敏剂的纳米颗粒有望作为靶向声波/光动力疗法。此外，还评估了非特异性幽门螺杆菌纳米/微粒，但仅在酸性胃环境中具有活性，涂有细菌膜、细胞外聚合物质或高温要求A蛋白酶的粘合剂。在这篇综述中，将概述现有的针对幽门螺杆菌的纳米疗法，并介绍和讨论它们对抗感染的合理性、潜力以及开发水平。