Recent studies have shown that bystander intervention involves moral engagement. However, the underlying internal mechanism is still poorly understood. Drawing on the norm activation model (NAM), Study 1 (questionnaire; n = 502) and Study 2 (experiment; n = 144) were conducted to investigate the influence of personal norms on defending through the mediating factors of anticipated pride and anticipated guilt. After controlling for age and gender, Study 1 revealed a significant positive association between personal norms and defending. This relationship was mediated by both anticipated pride and guilt, highlighting their parallel roles in explaining the influence of personal norms on defending. Study 2 investigated using writing tasks to manipulate personal norms from participants. The results revealed that the priming group had significantly higher levels of anticipated pride, guilt, and defending than the control group. Study 2 replicated the results of Study 1 in testing the mediated path, enhancing the reliability of research findings. This study expands the scope of the application of NAM by examining the interplay between personal norms, anticipated pride, anticipated guilt, and defending, as well as exploring the implications of these findings for interventions against bullying. Moral education should focus not only on the responsibility and obligation of bystanders to intervene in bullying incidents but also on the need to assist students in forming a moral compass within themselves that guides them to defend victims through moral emotions actively.

中文翻译：

---

个人规范预测欺凌中的防御：预期骄傲和内疚的中介作用


最近的研究表明，旁观者干预涉及道德参与。然而，其潜在的内部机制仍然知之甚少。利用规范激活模型 (NAM)，研究 1（问卷；n = 502）和研究 2（实验；n = 144）通过预期骄傲和预期内疚的中介因素来调查个人规范对防御的影响。在控制了年龄和性别后，研究 1 揭示了个人规范和防守之间存在显着的正相关关系。这种关系是由预期的自豪感和内疚感调节的，突出了它们在解释个人规范对防守的影响方面的平行作用。研究 2 调查了使用写作任务来操纵参与者的个人规范。结果显示，启动组的预期骄傲、内疚和防御水平明显高于对照组。研究2重复了研究1的结果来测试介导路径，增强了研究结果的可靠性。本研究通过考察个人规范、预期自豪感、预期内疚感和辩护之间的相互作用，并探讨这些发现对针对欺凌行为的干预措施的影响，扩大了 NAM 的应用范围。道德教育不仅要关注旁观者干预欺凌事件的责任和义务，更要帮助学生在内心形成道德指南针，引导他们积极地通过道德情感来保护受害者。