Hate crime is increasingly a familiar term within the domains of scholarship, policy, and activism as the harms associated with acts of targeted hostility continue to pose complex, global challenges. However, an exclusively Western-centric focus has done little to foster transnational conversations or to shape conceptual or legal frameworks in parts of the world where the challenges posed by hate and prejudice remain underexplored despite their devastating consequences. This article considers how the complexities and specificities of the Indian context disrupt the dominant assumptions of conventional hate crime frameworks. In doing so, it highlights the value of extending conventional Westernized models of thinking to different environments with different sets of challenges. Through its analysis of caste crimes and the factors that reinforce a prevailing institutional and cultural backdrop of political indifference, bureaucratic resistance, and public skepticism, the article illustrates why and how key elements of the Western framework remain ill-suited to the Indian context. The authors call instead for a creative translation of the hate crime concept, which accommodates the nature of violence within specific social contexts, and which emphasizes the institutional features that can mitigate the limitations of state capacity and intent. The process of translation has value in harnessing the benefits of the hate crime concept within countries, which lack a common framework to foster shared understanding and prioritization in relation to tackling contemporary expressions of hate. At the same time, this process enriches prevailing thinking, dismantles stereotypes, and challenges scholars of targeted violence to familiarize themselves with the unfamiliar.

中文翻译：

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迷失在翻译中？将仇恨犯罪概念应用于印度背景


仇恨犯罪在学术、政策和行动主义领域日益成为一个熟悉的术语，因为与有针对性的敌对行为相关的危害继续构成复杂的全球挑战。然而，完全以西方为中心的关注点对于促进跨国对话或塑造世界部分地区的概念或法律框架作用甚微，在这些地区，仇恨和偏见带来的挑战尽管其破坏性后果尚未得到充分探讨。本文探讨了印度背景的复杂性和特殊性如何破坏传统仇恨犯罪框架的主导假设。在此过程中，它强调了将传统的西方化思维模式扩展到具有不同挑战的不同环境的价值。通过对种姓犯罪以及强化政治冷漠、官僚抵抗和公众怀疑等普遍制度和文化背景的因素的分析，本文阐明了西方框架的关键要素为何以及如何不适合印度的国情。相反，作者呼吁对仇恨犯罪概念进行创造性翻译，将暴力的性质纳入特定的社会背景，并强调可以减轻国家能力和意图限制的制度特征。翻译过程对于在各国内部利用仇恨犯罪概念的好处具有价值，因为各国缺乏共同框架来促进在解决当代仇恨表达方面的共同理解和优先顺序。与此同时，这一过程丰富了主流思维，消除了刻板印象，并挑战了研究针对性暴力的学者熟悉不熟悉的事物。