Integrated weed management (IWM) promotes the combination of non-chemical techniques to achieve sustainable weed control while reducing the reliance on herbicides. However, IWM strategies reducing both herbicide and tillage intensity remain unsatisfactory, leading to weed-induced yield loss. In this study, five different IWM strategies were implemented for three years (2020–2022), aiming at reducing herbicide application across four tillage intensities while limiting weed-induced yield loss. These strategies were annual moldboard ploughing without herbicides (PL0H), annual moldboard ploughing with reduced herbicide use (PLHred), occasional moldboard ploughing with reduced herbicide use (PLredHred), shallow tillage without herbicides (ST0H) and no-tillage with reduced herbicide use (NTHred). Over the three years, averaged soil tillage intensity rating (STIR) and herbicide treatment frequency index (HFTI) ranged from 6 to 87 and from 0 to 1.6, respectively, and showed an inverse relationship. Reducing herbicides led to more mechanical weeding and reducing soil tillage led to more herbicide use. The effects of IWM strategies and years since implementation, on total weed and crop biomass, estimated weed and crop volume, weed density, weed species richness and grain yield were analysed in winter wheat. No differences in weed biomass, volume, or species richness were observed between IWM strategies over the years. Weed density increased only in PL0H between 2020 and 2022. Wheat grain yield varied by years but not among IWM strategies over time. Estimated weed-related yield loss was moderate in 2020. The feasibility and performances of such systems must be assessed over a long-term period to ensure their sustainability.

中文翻译：

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减少耕作和除草剂使用强度，同时限制与杂草相关的小麦产量损失


综合杂草管理（IWM）促进非化学技术的结合，以实现可持续的杂草控制，同时减少对除草剂的依赖。然而，减少除草剂和耕作强度的综合综合管理策略仍然不能令人满意，导致杂草引起的产量损失。在这项研究中，在三年（2020-2022年）内实施了五种不同的综合综合管理策略，旨在减少四种耕作强度下除草剂的使用，同时限制杂草引起的产量损失。这些策略是每年不使用除草剂的犁耕（PL0H）、每年减少除草剂使用的犁耕（PLHred）、偶尔减少除草剂使用的犁耕（PLredHred）、不使用除草剂的浅耕（ST0H）和减少除草剂使用的免耕（ NTHred）。三年来，平均土壤耕作强度等级（STIR）和除草剂处理频率指数（HFTI）分别为6至87和0至1.6，并呈反比关系。减少除草剂导致更多的机械除草，减少土壤耕作导致更多的除草剂使用。分析了 IWM 策略和实施以来的年数对冬小麦杂草和作物总生物量、估计杂草和作物体积、杂草密度、杂草物种丰富度和谷物产量的影响。多年来，IWM 策略之间没有观察到杂草生物量、体积或物种丰富度存在差异。 2020 年至 2022 年间，仅 PL0H 地区的杂草密度有所增加。小麦籽粒产量随年份而变化，但 IWM 策略之间的差异并没有随着时间的推移而变化。预计 2020 年与杂草相关的产量损失较小。必须长期评估此类系统的可行性和性能，以确保其可持续性。