To meet the increasing global demand for edible oils, enhancing seed yield and quality of winter rapeseed ( L.) through organic fertilizers is a highly effective strategy. But the impact of long-term organic fertilizer on rapeseed lodging is most often ignored, leading to considerable knowledge gaps. To fill this gap, a 3-year field experiment (from 2018 to 2021) started in 2012 was performed. The treatments comprised seven N fertilization levels (0, 60, 120, 180, 240, 300, and 360 kg N ha), in combination with long-term application of two rates of organic fertilizer (with and without). Seed yield, quality and lodging related attributes were quantitatively assessed. “Safety factor” (SF) method was employed in this study to assess the stem and root lodging resistance, which were quantificated by the value of SFs and SFr. Long-term application of organic fertilizer significantly increased seed yield and its associated traits such as the number of seed and pod and aboveground biomass, compared to no organic fertilizer application. Meanwhile, higher oil yield and better seed quality in terms of protein content, linoleic and palmitic acid were obtained when the seed yield was increased by long-term application of organic fertilizer. Lodging resistance (represented by SF) under long-term application of organic fertilizer was decreased when compared with no organic fertilizer, as was evident from the 30.3 % and 34.9 % in SFs and SFr, respectively, across the three cropping seasons. It is crucial to consider the risk of stem and root lodging when implementing organic fertilizer applications to maximize rapeseed seed yield and quality. This study also illustrated a trade-off of seed yield with lodging risk. The results further revealed that root-soil cone diameter has a positive relationship with both root anchorage strength (Sr) and seed yield and is thus a key selection parameter for future’s breeding programs to break this trade-off. In addition, prioritizing proper biomass allocation to root and stem tissues is imperative for enhancing lodging resistance, particularly against root lodging, in rapeseed plants.

中文翻译：

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无机氮与长期有机肥配施提高油菜产量和抗倒伏能力


为了满足全球对食用油日益增长的需求，通过施用有机肥提高冬油菜种子产量和品质是一种高效的策略。但长期施用有机肥对油菜倒伏的影响往往被忽视，导致了相当大的知识差距。为了填补这一空白，从2012年开始进行了为期3年（2018年至2021年）的现场实验。处理包括七种施氮水平（0、60、120、180、240、300和360千克氮·公顷），并结合长期施用两种有机肥比例（有和没有）。对种子产量、质量和倒伏相关属性进行了定量评估。本研究采用“安全系数”（SF）方法来评估茎和根的抗倒伏能力，并通过SFs和SFr的值进行量化。与不施用有机肥相比，长期施用有机肥显着提高了种子产量及其相关性状，例如种子和荚果的数量以及地上生物量。同时，长期施用有机肥提高种子产量，从而获得更高的出油率和更好的种子品质（蛋白质含量、亚油酸和棕榈酸）。与不施有机肥相比，长期施用有机肥的抗倒伏性（以SF为代表）降低，三个种植季节的SFs和SFr分别降低了30.3%和34.9%。在施用有机肥以最大限度地提高油菜籽产量和质量时，考虑茎和根倒伏的风险至关重要。这项研究还说明了种子产量与倒伏风险的权衡。 结果进一步表明，根-土圆锥直径与根锚固强度（Sr）和种子产量呈正相关，因此是未来育种计划打破这种权衡的关键选择参数。此外，优先考虑将适当的生物量分配给根和茎组织对于增强油菜植物的抗倒伏性，特别是根部倒伏性至关重要。