The escalating global energy crisis coupled with environmental concerns has accelerated the pursuit of renewable energy sources, with biodiesel emerging as a pivotal alternative to fossil fuels. This review systematically explores the advancements in biodiesel production, focusing on the utilization of diverse feedstocks and the evolution of catalytic technologies. Initially reliant on first-generation feedstocks, primarily edible oils, biodiesel production has shifted towards second and third-generation sources such as non-edible plant oils, waste oils, and algal biomass to circumvent the food vs. fuel dilemma and enhance sustainability. The review further delves into catalytic methods, highlighting the transition from homogeneous to heterogeneous catalysts, including those derived from bio-waste and innovative nanoparticles, which offer environmental and economic benefits by enhancing reaction efficiencies and reducing production costs. The synthesis of biodiesel via these advanced catalysts not only supports sustainable development but also aligns with global policies aimed at reducing carbon footprints. The review underscores the necessity of continuous technological advancements and supportive policies to foster the broader adoption of biodiesel and ensure its role in the sustainable energy landscape.

中文翻译：

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可持续生物柴油生产的进展：对生物废物衍生催化剂的全面审查


不断升级的全球能源危机加上环境问题加速了对可再生能源的追求，生物柴油成为化石燃料的关键替代品。本综述系统地探讨了生物柴油生产的进展，重点关注不同原料的利用和催化技术的发展。生物柴油生产最初依赖第一代原料（主要是食用油），现已转向第二代和第三代原料，例如非食用植物油、废油和藻类生物质，以规避食品与燃料的困境并提高可持续性。该综述进一步深入研究了催化方法，强调了从均相催化剂到非均相催化剂的转变，包括源自生物废物和创新纳米颗粒的催化剂，它们通过提高反应效率和降低生产成本来提供环境和经济效益。通过这些先进催化剂合成生物柴油不仅支持可持续发展，而且符合旨在减少碳足迹的全球政策。该审查强调了持续技术进步和支持性政策的必要性，以促进更广泛地采用生物柴油并确保其在可持续能源领域的作用。