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Role of biofuels, electro-fuels, and blue fuels for shipping: environmental and economic life cycle considerations
Energy & Environmental Science ( IF 32.4 ) Pub Date : 2024-08-09 , DOI: 10.1039/d4ee01641f Fayas Malik Kanchiralla 1 , Selma Brynolf 1 , Alvar Mjelde 2
Energy & Environmental Science ( IF 32.4 ) Pub Date : 2024-08-09 , DOI: 10.1039/d4ee01641f Fayas Malik Kanchiralla 1 , Selma Brynolf 1 , Alvar Mjelde 2
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The global shipping industry is under increasing scrutiny for its contribution to greenhouse gas emissions, and it is a challenge to find sustainable and cost-efficient solutions to meet new and stringent climate reduction targets. This study uses life cycle assessment and life cycle costing to evaluate five main decarbonization strategies to reduce climate impact from ships: uptake of e-fuels, blue-fuels, biofuels, battery electric propulsion, and onboard carbon capture technology. The environmental impact, the economic performance, and the total costs of abating carbon emissions of a total of 23 decarbonization pathways are investigated. The life cycle assessment and life cycle costing are performed on prospective scenarios considering three ship types: bulk carrier, container ship, and cruise ship, and incorporate future development uncertainties. The results show that electro-fuels in the form of e-ammonia, e-methanol, and e-liquid hydrogen in fuel cells offer the highest climate mitigation potential of more than 85% compared to the use of marine gas oil in internal combustion engines. Biofuel options have a reduction potential of up to 78%, while blue-fuel and onboard carbon capture have lower climate reduction potentials of up to 62% and 56%, respectively. Bio-methanol has the most promising cost outlook with a carbon abatement cost of around 100€ per tCO2eq. Onboard carbon capture technologies have a carbon abatement cost of around 150–190 € per tCO2eq. While they can serve as a short-term transitional solution, they have a higher environmental impact and offer limited potential for climate mitigation. E-Ammonia appears as one of the most cost-effective solutions among e-fuels. Development of policy measures and investments in renewable energy infrastructure are necessary for the growth of e-fuels production, as affordable and renewable electricity is vital for the viability of e-fuels in shipping. The uncertainty and sensitivity analysis show the influence of primary energy sources on carbon abatement costs which will be key to understand the effectiveness of policies and to develop strategies to support the shipping industry's transition to a sustainable future.
中文翻译：
生物燃料、电子燃料和蓝色燃料在航运中的作用：环境和经济生命周期考虑因素
全球航运业因其对温室气体排放的贡献而受到越来越严格的审查，寻找可持续且具有成本效益的解决方案来满足新的严格的气候减排目标是一项挑战。本研究使用生命周期评估和生命周期成本来评估五种主要的脱碳策略，以减少船舶对气候的影响：使用电子燃料、蓝色燃料、生物燃料、电池电力推进和船载碳捕获技术。研究了总共 23 条脱碳路径的环境影响、经济绩效和减少碳排放的总成本。生命周期评估和生命周期成本计算是在考虑散货船、集装箱船和游轮三种船舶类型的预期情景下进行的，并考虑了未来发展的不确定性。结果表明，与内燃机中使用的船用轻柴油相比，燃料电池中的电子氨、电子甲醇和电子液氢形式的电子燃料具有最高的气候缓解潜力，超过 85% 。生物燃料选项的减排潜力高达 78%，而蓝色燃料和机载碳捕获的气候减排潜力分别高达 62% 和 56%。生物甲醇具有最有前景的成本前景，每 tCO 2eq的碳减排成本约为 100 欧元。船载碳捕获技术的碳减排成本约为每 tCO 2eq 150-190 欧元。虽然它们可以作为短期过渡解决方案，但它们对环境的影响更大，并且缓解气候变化的潜力有限。电子氨似乎是电子燃料中最具成本效益的解决方案之一。 制定政策措施和投资可再生能源基础设施对于电子燃料生产的增长是必要的，因为负担得起的可再生电力对于电子燃料在航运中的可行性至关重要。不确定性和敏感性分析显示了一次能源对碳减排成本的影响，这对于了解政策有效性和制定支持航运业向可持续未来转型的战略至关重要。
更新日期：2024-08-09
中文翻译：
生物燃料、电子燃料和蓝色燃料在航运中的作用：环境和经济生命周期考虑因素
全球航运业因其对温室气体排放的贡献而受到越来越严格的审查，寻找可持续且具有成本效益的解决方案来满足新的严格的气候减排目标是一项挑战。本研究使用生命周期评估和生命周期成本来评估五种主要的脱碳策略，以减少船舶对气候的影响：使用电子燃料、蓝色燃料、生物燃料、电池电力推进和船载碳捕获技术。研究了总共 23 条脱碳路径的环境影响、经济绩效和减少碳排放的总成本。生命周期评估和生命周期成本计算是在考虑散货船、集装箱船和游轮三种船舶类型的预期情景下进行的，并考虑了未来发展的不确定性。结果表明，与内燃机中使用的船用轻柴油相比，燃料电池中的电子氨、电子甲醇和电子液氢形式的电子燃料具有最高的气候缓解潜力，超过 85% 。生物燃料选项的减排潜力高达 78%，而蓝色燃料和机载碳捕获的气候减排潜力分别高达 62% 和 56%。生物甲醇具有最有前景的成本前景，每 tCO 2eq的碳减排成本约为 100 欧元。船载碳捕获技术的碳减排成本约为每 tCO 2eq 150-190 欧元。虽然它们可以作为短期过渡解决方案，但它们对环境的影响更大，并且缓解气候变化的潜力有限。电子氨似乎是电子燃料中最具成本效益的解决方案之一。 制定政策措施和投资可再生能源基础设施对于电子燃料生产的增长是必要的，因为负担得起的可再生电力对于电子燃料在航运中的可行性至关重要。不确定性和敏感性分析显示了一次能源对碳减排成本的影响，这对于了解政策有效性和制定支持航运业向可持续未来转型的战略至关重要。
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