Background: Research on parents’ divisions of domestic labor during the COVID-19 pandemic has focused on average changes in housework and child care during the pandemic’s first year, limiting our understanding of variation in parents’ experiences as well as the long-term consequences of the pandemic for gender inequality. Objective: This study identifies distinct patterns of change in US parents’ divisions of housework and child care from spring 2020 to fall 2023 and factors associated with changes in parents’ divisions of domestic labor. Methods: We use five waves of survey data (2020–2023) from partnered US parents along with group-based trajectory and fixed effects models to identify longitudinal trajectories of parents’ divisions of housework and child care, and key factors associated with these trajectories. Results: Most US parents (75%–80%) maintained the same division of domestic labor throughout the pandemic. Nonetheless, one-quarter experienced long-term changes. Parents were equally as likely to transition to a nontraditional division of housework as to a traditional one (10%) but were four times more likely to transition to a nontraditional division of child care than to a traditional division (21% vs. 5%). Parents were more likely to shift toward a nontraditional division of domestic labor when mothers worked full-time (and earned more income) and fathers worked from home at least sometimes during the pandemic. Contribution: Overall, results suggest that the COVID-19 pandemic affected the long-term division of domestic labor in only a minority of families. Where change has occurred, however, it has been long-lasting, and in the case of child care, the change has tended to reduce gender inequalities rather than exacerbate them.

中文翻译：

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COVID-19 大流行期间美国父母家务劳动分工的轨迹（理查德·佩茨 (Richard Petts)、丹尼尔·卡尔森 (Daniel Carlson)）


背景：对 COVID-19 大流行期间父母家务劳动分工的研究主要集中在大流行第一年家务劳动和儿童保育的平均变化，这限制了我们对父母经历变化以及家庭劳动的长期后果的理解。性别不平等的流行病。目的：本研究确定了 2020 年春季至 2023 年秋季美国父母家务劳动和儿童保育分工的不同变化模式以及与父母家务劳动分工变化相关的因素。方法：我们使用美国合作父母的五波调查数据（2020-2023）以及基于群体的轨迹和固定效应模型来确定父母家务和育儿分工的纵向轨迹，以及与这些轨迹相关的关键因素。结果：大多数美国父母（75%–80%）在整个疫情期间保持相同的家务分工。尽管如此，四分之一的人经历了长期变化。父母转向非传统家务分工的可能性与传统家务分工的可能性相同 (10%)，但转向非传统育儿分工的可能性是传统分工的四倍（21% 对 5%） 。当母亲全职工作（并赚取更多收入）而父亲至少有时在大流行期间在家工作时，父母更有可能转向非传统的家务分工。贡献：总体而言，结果表明，COVID-19 大流行仅影响了少数家庭的长期家务分工。然而，无论发生什么变化，这种变化都是持久的，就儿童保育而言，这种变化往往会减少而不是加剧性别不平等。