Climate models commonly overestimate warm rain frequency and underestimate its intensity over the ocean, primarily due to insufficient representation of the aerosol effects. This pertains to both fine aerosols (FA) and coarse sea spray aerosols (CSA), where the latter is mostly absent in the models. Here, our observations show that adding CSA enhances vertical warm rain structure, in contrast to the effect of FA. The magnitude of the effect of CSA is larger than the opposite effect of the FA. For rain with top heights of 2–3 km, the raindrop size, concentration, and rain rate can be increased by factors of 1.03, 1.47, and 1.60, respectively. These CSA-induced changes are larger for thicker clouds, reaching a maximum by factors of 1.12, 1.85, and 2.21, respectively. Therefore, the combined FA and CSA effects should be incorporated into climate models for accurately simulated precipitation microphysical processes.

气候模型通常会高估暖雨频率并低估其在海洋上空的强度，这主要是由于气溶胶效应的代表性不足。这适用于细气溶胶 (FA) 和粗海喷雾气溶胶 (CSA)，后者在模型中大多不存在。在这里，我们的观察表明，与 FA 的效果相反，添加 CSA 增强了垂直暖雨结构。 CSA 的影响程度大于 FA 的相反影响。对于顶高2-3公里的降雨，雨滴大小、浓度和降雨率可分别增加1.03、1.47和1.60倍。对于较厚的云层，这些 CSA 引起的变化更大，分别达到最大值 1.12、1.85 和 2.21。因此，应将 FA 和 CSA 的综合效应纳入气候模型中，以准确模拟降水微物理过程。