Transgender women are more likely to be diagnosed with high-grade prostate cancer than cisgender men, which might be ascribed to a delayed diagnosis.

In a study published in JAMA, the authors assessed prostate-specific antigen (PSA) values in a cohort of transgender women receiving oestrogen treatment, prompted by the rationale that the levels of PSA (which are regulated by androgen) might be altered in this population. The cohort was established through a chart review of 1,000 randomly selected patients ≥40 years old in the Veterans Health Administration records. Overall, 210 patients met the inclusion criteria, which included confirmed identity as a transgender woman, no prostate cancer diagnosis, and receiving oestrogen. The median PSA level in this cohort was 0.02 ng/ml (interquartile range 0–0.2), which is much lower than the median PSA level reported in similar studies including cisgender men without known prostate cancer (1 ng/ml, interquartile range 0.6–1.9). Moreover, PSA was undetectable in 36% of women.

跨性别女性比顺性别男性更有可能被诊断出患有高级别前列腺癌，这可能归因于诊断延迟。

在《美国医学会杂志》上发表的一项研究中，作者评估了一组接受雌激素治疗的跨性别女性的前列腺特异性抗原 (PSA) 值，理由是该人群中的 PSA 水平（受雄激素调节）可能会发生改变。该队列是通过对退伍军人健康管理局记录中 1,000 名随机选择的 40 岁以上患者进行图表审查而建立的。总体而言，210 名患者符合纳入标准，其中包括确认为跨性别女性、未诊断出前列腺癌并接受雌激素治疗。该队列中的中位 PSA 水平为 0.02 ng/ml（四分位距 0-0.2），远低于类似研究中报告的中位 PSA 水平，包括没有已知前列腺癌的顺性别男性（1 ng/ml，四分位距 0.6- 1.9）。此外，36% 的女性检测不到 PSA。