The particle showers produced in the atmosphere due to the interactions of primary cosmic particles require a thorough understanding in the backdrop of searches for rare interactions. In this work, we made a comprehensive study of air shower simulations using various combinations of hadronic models and particle transport code of the CORSIKA package. The primary proton and helium distributions are taken as power law which are scaled to match the measured flux in balloon and satellite-based experiments at the top of atmosphere. The shower simulation includes production, transport and decays of secondaries up to the ground level. In this study, we focus on the bulk of the spectra and particles which is computationally intensive and hence parallel processing of events is done on computer cluster. We provide a way to normalize the simulation results to be compared with the ground-based measurements namely, single and multiple muon yields and their charge ratios as a function of zenith angle and momentum. This provides a basis for comparisons among the six model combinations used in this study and the differences are outlined. Most of the hadronic models in CORSIKA produce the bulk ground based measurements fairly well. We use one of the best model combinations to quantitatively predict the absolute and relative yields of various particles at ground level as well as their correlations with primaries and with each other. The leptonic ratios are obtained as a function of energy and zenith angle which are important inputs for the neutrino oscillation physics.

中文翻译：

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二次风淋粒子的包容通量


由于初级宇宙粒子的相互作用而在大气中产生的粒子簇射需要在寻找罕见相互作用的背景下进行彻底的了解。在这项工作中，我们使用强子模型和 CORSIKA 包的粒子传输代码的各种组合对风淋室模拟进行了全面的研究。主要的质子和氦分布被视为幂律，并进行缩放以匹配大气层顶部的气球和基于卫星的实验中测量的通量。流星雨模拟包括二次星雨到地面的产生、运输和衰变。在这项研究中，我们关注大量计算密集型的光谱和粒子，因此事件的并行处理是在计算机集群上完成的。我们提供了一种标准化模拟结果的方法，以便与地面测量结果进行比较，即单个和多个μ子产量及其电荷比作为天顶角和动量的函数。这为本研究中使用的六种模型组合之间的比较提供了基础，并概述了差异。 CORSIKA 中的大多数强子模型都能很好地生成基于地面的大量测量结果。我们使用最好的模型组合之一来定量预测地面各种颗粒的绝对和相对产量以及它们与初级颗粒和彼此之间的相关性。轻子比是作为能量和天顶角的函数获得的，这是中微子振荡物理学的重要输入。