Focused ultrasound can non-invasively modulate neural activity, but whether effective stimulation parameters generalize across brain regions and cell types remains unknown. We used focused ultrasound coupled with fiber photometry to identify optimal neuromodulation parameters for four different arousal centers of the brain in an effort to yield overt changes in behavior. Applying coordinate descent, we found that optimal parameters for excitation or inhibition are highly distinct, the effects of which are generally conserved across brain regions and cell types. Optimized stimulations induced clear, target-specific behavioral effects, whereas non-optimized protocols of equivalent energy resulted in substantially less or no change in behavior. These outcomes were independent of auditory confounds and, contrary to expectation, accompanied by a cyclooxygenase-dependent and prolonged reduction in local blood flow and temperature with brain-region-specific scaling. These findings demonstrate that carefully tuned and targeted ultrasound can exhibit powerful effects on complex behavior and physiology.

中文翻译：

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优化的超声神经调控，用于行为和生理的无创控制


聚焦超声可以无创地调节神经活动，但有效的刺激参数是否在大脑区域和细胞类型中普遍适用仍是未知数。我们使用聚焦超声结合纤维光度法来确定大脑四个不同唤醒中心的最佳神经调控参数，以努力产生明显的行为变化。应用坐标下降，我们发现激发或抑制的最佳参数非常不同，其影响通常在大脑区域和细胞类型之间是保守的。优化的刺激诱导了明显的、特定于目标的行为影响，而等效能量的非优化方案导致行为变化大大减少或没有变化。这些结果与听觉混杂无关，并且与预期相反，伴随着环氧合酶依赖性和局部血流和温度的长期降低，并伴有脑区特异性缩放。这些发现表明，精心调整和有针对性的超声可以对复杂的行为和生理学产生强大的影响。