Brain Punch: K-1 Fights Affect Brain Wave Activity in Professional Kickboxers,Sports Medicine

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Brain Punch: K-1 Fights Affect Brain Wave Activity in Professional Kickboxers
Sports Medicine ( IF 9.3 ) Pub Date : 2024-08-07 , DOI: 10.1007/s40279-024-02082-5
Łukasz Rydzik ₁ , Marta Kopańska ₂ , Wojciech Wąsacz ₁ , Ibrahim Ouergui ₃ , Zbigniew Obmiński ₄ , Tomasz Pałka ₅ , Tadeusz Ambroży ₁ , Nikos Malliaropoulos _{6,

7,

8} , Nicola Maffulli _{6,

9,

10} , Kabir Singh Lota ₆ , Jarosław Jaszczur-Nowicki ₁₁ , Paweł Król ₁₂ , Wojciech Czarny ₁₂ , Jacek Szczygielski _{13,

14}

Affiliation

Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Physical Education, al. Jana Pawła II 78, 31-571, Kraków, Poland.
Department of Pathophysiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszów University, 35-959, Rzeszów, Poland.
High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Kef, University of Jendouba, 7100, El Kef, Tunisia.
Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Sport-National Research Institute, 01-982, Warsaw, Poland.
Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Physical Education, 31-571, Krakow, Poland.
Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4DG, UK.
Sports and Exercise Medicine Clinic, 54639, Thessaloniki, Greece.
Sports Clinic, Rheumatology Department, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, E1 4DG, UK.
Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine and Psychology, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.
Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University School of Medicine, Keele University, Newcastle-under-Lyme, UK.
Department Physiotherapy, School of Public Health, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland.
Institute of Physical Culture Studies, College of Medical Sciences, University of Rzeszow, 35-959, Rzeszów, Poland.
Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Rzeszów, 35-959, Rzeszów, Poland.
Department of Neurosurgery, Saarland University and Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Saarland, Germany.

Background

Kickboxing is a popular striking combat sport, and K-1 is a type of kickboxing. Direct head blows can cause significant long-term injury and affect brain wave activity.

Objectives

We aim to compare the changes in brain wave activities of fighters during a K-1 kickboxing contest to those in a control group, who were striking a punching bag and were not hit by another K-1 athlete.

Methods

A total of 100 professional Polish K-1 kickboxers were split evenly into experimental (n = 50, age 25.5 ± 4.63 years) and control (n = 50, age 26.6 ± 5.22 years) groups. We used quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG) to assess the spectrum of brain wave activity (delta, theta, alpha, sensorimotor rhythm (SMR), beta-1 and beta-2) before and after an intervention (experimental: K-1 contest, control: simulated contest), with eyes open and then closed. The number of direct blows to the head was also recorded for all bouts. Comparative and statistical analyses between selected variables were performed.

Results

K-1 fighters showed elevated baseline brain activity for the entire delta band (p < 0.001). There was significant variation in brain activity among the experimental group following the intervention and compared with the control group for all wave types (p < 0.001). No significant variation in activity was found in the control group. The number of direct head blows was positively correlated with brain activity, at delta and beta-2 wave frequencies.

Conclusions

K-1 kickboxing is associated with detectable changes in brain wave activity. It is presently unclear what the long-term effects of these changes in brain wave activities are, and longitudinal studies are necessary to study the brain health of kickboxers.

中文翻译：

脑力打击：K-1 战斗影响职业跆拳道运动员的脑电波活动

背景

跆拳道是一项流行的击打格斗运动，K-1 是跆拳道的一种。直接头部打击会导致严重的长期伤害并影响脑电波活动。

目标

我们的目的是比较 K-1 跆拳道比赛期间拳击手的脑电波活动变化与对照组的运动员的脑电波活动的变化，对照组的运动员正在击打沙袋，并且没有被另一名 K-1 运动员击中。

方法

总共 100 名专业波兰 K-1 跆拳道运动员被平均分为实验组（ n = 50，年龄 25.5 ± 4.63 岁）和对照组（ n = 50，年龄 26.6 ± 5.22 岁）。我们使用定量脑电图 (QEEG) 来评估干预前后的脑电波活动频谱（δ、θ、α、感觉运动节律 (SMR)、β-1 和 β-2）（实验：K-1 竞赛、对照）：模拟比赛），睁开眼睛，然后闭上眼睛。所有比赛还记录了直接击打头部的次数。对所选变量进行比较和统计分析。