With the outbreak of World War I in 1914, the Ottoman Empire and Montenegro, which no longer shared a border due to the shifted territories following the Balkan Wars (1912–13), faced each other as belligerents in two different coalitions (the Entente and the Central powers). Throughout this process, Montenegrin citizens, both Muslim and non-Muslim, living in the Ottoman territories and working in various fields, suddenly found themselves as enemy subjects. This article analyses what it was like for Montenegrins living in the Ottoman territory during the war by assessing their legal status, naturalisation, internment and the security measures taken against them. In the light of Ottoman archival documents and within the framework of the concept of enemy aliens, this article examines just how the war affected these forgotten citizens of Montenegro – who have long been overlooked and overshadowed in scholarly works by the subjects of the Great Powers – and how the Ottoman administration treated them in the context of state security.

中文翻译：

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第一次世界大战期间，奥斯曼帝国境内的黑山人被视为“外星人敌人”（1914-1918 年）


1914 年第一次世界大战爆发后，由于巴尔干战争（1912-13 年）后领土转移，奥斯曼帝国和黑山不再共享边界，两国作为两个不同联盟（协约国和协约国）的交战方相互对峙。中央政权）。在整个过程中，生活在奥斯曼领土上并在各个领域工作的黑山公民，无论是穆斯林还是非穆斯林，突然发现自己成为了敌人的臣民。本文通过评估黑山人的法律地位、入籍、拘留以及针对他们采取的安全措施，分析了战争期间生活在奥斯曼领土上的黑山人的情况。根据奥斯曼档案文件并在敌国外国人概念的框架内，本文探讨了战争如何影响这些被遗忘的黑山公民——他们长期以来在学术著作中被大国主体所忽视和掩盖——以及奥斯曼政府如何在国家安全的背景下对待他们。