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Resistive Gas Sensors Based on 2D TMDs and MXenes
Accounts of Chemical Research ( IF 16.4 ) Pub Date : 2024-08-05 , DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.4c00323 Ali Mirzaei 1 , Jin-Young Kim 2 , Hyoun Woo Kim 3 , Sang Sub Kim 2
Accounts of Chemical Research ( IF 16.4 ) Pub Date : 2024-08-05 , DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.4c00323 Ali Mirzaei 1 , Jin-Young Kim 2 , Hyoun Woo Kim 3 , Sang Sub Kim 2
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Gas sensors are used in various applications to sense toxic gases, mainly for enhanced safety. Resistive sensors are particularly popular owing to their ability to detect trace amounts of gases, high stability, fast response times, and affordability. Semiconducting metal oxides are commonly employed in the fabrication of resistive gas sensors. However, these sensors often require high working temperatures, bringing about increased energy consumption and reduced selectivity. Furthermore, they do not have enough flexibility, and their performance is significantly decreased under bending, stretching, or twisting. To address these challenges, alternative materials capable of operating at lower temperatures with high flexibility are needed. Two-dimensional (2D) materials such as MXenes and transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) offer high surface area and conductivity owing to their unique 2D structure, making them promising candidates for realization of resistive gas sensors. Nevertheless, their sensing performance in pristine form is typically weak and unacceptable, particularly in terms of response, selectivity, and recovery time (trec). To overcome these drawbacks, several strategies can be employed to enhance their sensing properties. Noble-metal decoration such as (Au, Pt, Pd, Rh, Ag) is a highly promising method, in which the catalytic effects of noble metals as well as formation of potential barriers with MXenes or TMDs eventually contribute to boosted response. Additionally, bimetallic noble metals such as Pt–Pd and Au/Pd with their synergistic properties can further improve sensor performance. Ion implantation is another feasible approach, involving doping of sensing materials with the desired concentration of dopants through control over the energy and dosage of the irradiation ions as well as creation of structural defects such as oxygen vacancies through high-energy ion-beam irradiation, contributing to enhanced sensing capabilities. The formation of core–shell structures is also effective, creating numerous interfaces between core and shell materials that optimize the sensing characteristics. However, the shell thickness needs to be carefully optimized to achieve the best sensing output. To reduce energy consumption, sensors can operate in a self-heating condition where an external voltage is applied to the electrodes, significantly lowering the power requirements. This enables sensors to function in energy-constrained environments, such as remote or low-energy areas. An important advantage of 2D MXenes and TMDs is their high mechanical flexibility. Unlike semiconducting metal oxides that lack mechanical flexibility, MXenes and TMDs can maintain their sensing performance even when integrated onto flexible substrates and subjected to bending, tilting, or stretching. This flexibility makes them ideal for fabricating flexible and portable gas sensors that rigid sensors cannot achieve.
中文翻译：
基于 2D TMD 和 MXene 的电阻式气体传感器
气体传感器在各种应用中用于检测有毒气体，主要是为了提高安全性。电阻传感器因其能够检测微量气体、高稳定性、快速响应时间和经济实惠而特别受欢迎。半导体金属氧化物通常用于电阻式气体传感器的制造。然而，这些传感器往往需要较高的工作温度，导致能耗增加和选择性降低。此外，它们没有足够的柔韧性，在弯曲、拉伸或扭曲下其性能显着下降。为了应对这些挑战，需要能够在较低温度下运行且具有高灵活性的替代材料。 MXene 和过渡金属二硫属化物 (TMD) 等二维 (2D) 材料由于其独特的二维结构而具有高表面积和导电性，使其成为实现电阻式气体传感器的有希望的候选材料。然而，它们原始形式的传感性能通常很弱且不可接受，特别是在响应、选择性和恢复时间 ( t rec ) 方面。为了克服这些缺点，可以采用多种策略来增强其传感性能。贵金属装饰（例如（Au、Pt、Pd、Rh、Ag））是一种非常有前途的方法，其中贵金属的催化作用以及与 MXene 或 TMD 形成的势垒最终有助于增强响应。此外，Pt-Pd 和 Au/Pd 等双金属贵金属具有协同特性，可以进一步提高传感器性能。 离子注入是另一种可行的方法，包括通过控制辐照离子的能量和剂量，用所需浓度的掺杂剂掺杂传感材料，以及通过高能离子束辐照产生结构缺陷，例如氧空位，有助于以增强传感能力。核壳结构的形成也是有效的，在核和壳材料之间形成大量界面，从而优化传感特性。然而，外壳厚度需要仔细优化才能实现最佳传感输出。为了减少能耗，传感器可以在自加热条件下运行，其中外部电压施加到电极，从而显着降低功率需求。这使得传感器能够在能源受限的环境中运行，例如偏远或低能源区域。 2D MXene 和 TMD 的一个重要优势是其高机械灵活性。与缺乏机械灵活性的半导体金属氧化物不同，MXene 和 TMD 即使集成到柔性基板上并受到弯曲、倾斜或拉伸时也能保持其传感性能。这种灵活性使它们成为制造刚性传感器无法实现的柔性便携式气体传感器的理想选择。
更新日期：2024-08-05
中文翻译：
基于 2D TMD 和 MXene 的电阻式气体传感器
气体传感器在各种应用中用于检测有毒气体，主要是为了提高安全性。电阻传感器因其能够检测微量气体、高稳定性、快速响应时间和经济实惠而特别受欢迎。半导体金属氧化物通常用于电阻式气体传感器的制造。然而，这些传感器往往需要较高的工作温度，导致能耗增加和选择性降低。此外，它们没有足够的柔韧性，在弯曲、拉伸或扭曲下其性能显着下降。为了应对这些挑战，需要能够在较低温度下运行且具有高灵活性的替代材料。 MXene 和过渡金属二硫属化物 (TMD) 等二维 (2D) 材料由于其独特的二维结构而具有高表面积和导电性，使其成为实现电阻式气体传感器的有希望的候选材料。然而，它们原始形式的传感性能通常很弱且不可接受，特别是在响应、选择性和恢复时间 ( t rec ) 方面。为了克服这些缺点，可以采用多种策略来增强其传感性能。贵金属装饰（例如（Au、Pt、Pd、Rh、Ag））是一种非常有前途的方法，其中贵金属的催化作用以及与 MXene 或 TMD 形成的势垒最终有助于增强响应。此外，Pt-Pd 和 Au/Pd 等双金属贵金属具有协同特性，可以进一步提高传感器性能。 离子注入是另一种可行的方法，包括通过控制辐照离子的能量和剂量，用所需浓度的掺杂剂掺杂传感材料，以及通过高能离子束辐照产生结构缺陷，例如氧空位，有助于以增强传感能力。核壳结构的形成也是有效的，在核和壳材料之间形成大量界面，从而优化传感特性。然而，外壳厚度需要仔细优化才能实现最佳传感输出。为了减少能耗，传感器可以在自加热条件下运行，其中外部电压施加到电极，从而显着降低功率需求。这使得传感器能够在能源受限的环境中运行，例如偏远或低能源区域。 2D MXene 和 TMD 的一个重要优势是其高机械灵活性。与缺乏机械灵活性的半导体金属氧化物不同，MXene 和 TMD 即使集成到柔性基板上并受到弯曲、倾斜或拉伸时也能保持其传感性能。这种灵活性使它们成为制造刚性传感器无法实现的柔性便携式气体传感器的理想选择。
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