Injunctive social norms are societal standards for how people are expected to behave. When individuals transgress these norms, they face social sanctions for their behavior. These sanctions can take many forms ranging from verbal or non-verbal reactions and from disapproval to ostracism. We review the stable characteristics and situational variables that affect a bystander's tendency to enact social sanctions against someone who violates an injunctive social norm. Stable characteristics include the bystander's extraversion, altruism, the belief that others can change their behavior, and their cultural background. Situational factors include the extent to which the violated norm implicates the bystander, the social hierarchies among the bystander and transgressor, the presence of additional bystanders, and (when applicable) the bystander's relationship to the victim of the norm violation. We also discuss the costs that a bystander can incur by attempting to enact social sanctions. We conclude with a discussion of the application of social sanctions to enforce pro-social social norms.

中文翻译：

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针对违反禁令性规范的社会制裁


禁令性社会规范是人们期望如何行为的社会标准。当个人违反这些规范时，他们将因其行为而面临社会制裁。这些制裁可以采取多种形式，从口头或非口头反应，从反对到排斥。我们回顾了影响旁观者对违反禁令性社会规范的人实施社会制裁倾向的稳定特征和情境变量。稳定的特征包括旁观者的外向性、利他主义、相信他人可以改变他们的行为以及他们的文化背景。情境因素包括违反规范对旁观者的牵连程度、旁观者和违法者之间的社会等级、其他旁观者的存在以及（适用时）旁观者与违反规范的受害者的关系。我们还讨论了旁观者试图实施社会制裁可能产生的成本。最后，我们讨论了应用社会制裁来执行亲社会的社会规范。