Cosmological distances are fundamental observables in cosmology. The luminosity (D _L), angular diameter (D _A) and gravitational wave (D _GW) distances are all trivially related in General Relativity assuming no significant absorption of photons in the extragalactic medium, also known as cosmic opacity. Supernovae have long been the main cosmological standard candle, but bright standard sirens are now a proven alternative, with the advantage of not requiring calibration with other astrophysical sources. Moreover, they can also measure deviations from modified gravity through discrepancies between D _L and D _GW. However, both gravitational and cosmological parameters are degenerate in the Hubble diagram, making it hard to properly detect beyond standard model physics. Finally, recently a model-independent method named FreePower was proposed to infer angular diameter distances from large-scale structure which is independent of the knowledge of both early universe and dark energy physics. In this paper we propose a tripartite test of the ratios of these three distances with minimal amount of assumptions regarding cosmology, the early universe, cosmic opacity and modified gravity. We proceed to forecast this test with a combination of LSST and Roman supernovae, Einstein Telescope bright sirens and a joint DESI-like + Euclid-like galaxy survey. We find that even in this very model-independent approach we will be able to detect, in each of many redshift bins, percent-level deviations in these ratios of distances, allowing for very precise consistency checks of ΛCDM and standard physics. It can also result in sub-percent measurements of H ₀.

中文翻译：

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与模型无关的宇宙距离关系三方检验


宇宙距离是宇宙学中的基本可观测值。光度（ D _L ), 角直径 ( D _A ) 和引力波 ( D假设河外介质（也称为宇宙不透明性）中没有显着吸收光子，则广义相对论中的_GW距离都微不足道地相关。超新星长期以来一直是主要的宇宙学标准烛光，但明亮的标准警报器现在是一种经过验证的替代品，其优点是不需要使用其他天体物理源进行校准。此外，他们还可以通过之间的差异来测量修正重力的偏差D_土地D _GW 。然而，引力和宇宙学参数在哈勃图中都是简并的，因此很难在标准模型物理之外正确检测。最后，最近提出了一种名为 FreePower 的独立于模型的方法，用于从大尺度结构推断角直径距离，该方法独立于早期宇宙和暗能量物理学的知识。在本文中，我们提出了对这三个距离的比率进行三方检验，其中涉及宇宙学、早期宇宙、宇宙不透明度和修正引力的假设最少。我们继续结合 LSST 和罗马超新星、爱因斯坦望远镜明亮的警报器以及类似 DESI + 类似欧几里得星系的联合巡天来预测这次测试。 我们发现，即使在这种非常独立于模型的方法中，我们也能够在许多红移箱中的每一个中检测到这些距离比率的百分比水平偏差，从而允许对 ΛCDM 和标准物理进行非常精确的一致性检查。它还可能导致低于百分比的测量H ₀ .