Gambling behaviours have become of increased public health interest, but data on prevalence remain scarce. In this study, we aimed to estimate for adults and adolescents the prevalence of any gambling activity, the prevalence of engaging in specific gambling activities, the prevalence of any risk gambling and problematic gambling, and the prevalence of any risk and problematic gambling by gambling activity. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis. We systematically searched for peer-reviewed literature (on MEDLINE, Embase, and PsycInfo) and grey literature to identify papers published between Jan 1, 2010, and March 4, 2024. We searched for any gambling, including engagement with individual gambling activities, and problematic gambling data among adults and adolescents. We included papers that reported the prevalence or proportion of a gambling outcome of interest. We excluded papers of non-original data or based on a biased sample. Data were extracted into a bespoke Microsoft Access database, with the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Tool used to identify the risk of bias for each sample. Representative population survey estimates were firstly meta-analysed into country-level prevalence estimates, using metaprop, of any gambling, any risk gambling, problematic gambling, and by gambling activity. Secondly, population-weighted regional-level and global estimates were generated for any gambling, any risk gambling, problematic gambling, and specific gambling activity. This review is registered on PROSPERO (CRD42021251835). We screened 3692 reports, with 380 representative unique samples, in 68 countries and territories. Overall, the included samples consisted of slightly more men or male individuals, with a mean age of 29·72 years, and most samples identified were from high-income countries. Of these samples, 366 were included in the meta-analysis. Globally, 46·2% (95% CI 41·7–50·8) of adults and 17·9% (14·8–21·2) of adolescents had gambled in the past 12 months. Rates of gambling were higher among men (49·1%; 45·5–52·6) than women (37·4%; 32·0–42·5). Among adults, 8·7% (6·6–11·3) were classified as engaging in any risk gambling, and 1·41% (1·06–1·84) were engaging in problematic gambling. Among adults, rates of problematic gambling were greatest among online casino or slots gambling (15·8%; 10·7–21·6). There were few data reported on any risk and problematic gambling among adolescent samples. Existing evidence suggests that gambling is prevalent globally, that a substantial proportion of the population engage in problematic gambling, and that rates of problematic gambling are greatest among those gambling on online formats. Given the growth of the online gambling industry and the association between gambling and a range of public health harms, governments need to give greater attention to the strict regulation and monitoring of gambling globally. Australian National Health and Medical Research Council.

中文翻译：

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赌博和问题赌博的盛行：系统回顾和荟萃分析


赌博行为越来越引起公众健康的关注，但有关患病率的数据仍然很少。在本研究中，我们旨在估计成人和青少年任何赌博活动的流行率、参与特定赌博活动的流行率、任何风险赌博和问题赌博的流行率，以及赌博活动引起的任何风险和问题赌博的流行率。我们进行了系统回顾和荟萃分析。我们系统地检索了同行评审文献（在 MEDLINE、Embase 和 PsycInfo 上）和灰色文献，以识别 2010 年 1 月 1 日至 2024 年 3 月 4 日之间发表的论文。我们检索了任何赌博行为，包括参与个人赌博活动，以及成人和青少年中有问题的赌博数据。我们纳入了报告感兴趣的赌博结果的流行程度或比例的论文。我们排除了非原始数据或基于有偏差样本的论文。数据被提取到定制的 Microsoft Access 数据库中，并使用乔安娜·布里格斯研究所关键评估工具来识别每个样本的偏差风险。首先，使用 Metaprop 对任何赌博、任何风险赌博、问题赌博和赌博活动的国家级流行率估计进行荟萃分析。其次，针对任何赌博、任何风险赌博、有问题的赌博和特定赌博活动生成了人口加权的区域级和全球估计。该评论已在 PROSPERO 上注册 (CRD42021251835)。我们筛选了 68 个国家和地区的 3692 份报告，其中包含 380 个具有代表性的独特样本。 总体而言，纳入的样本中男性或男性个体略多，平均年龄为29·72岁，并且大多数样本来自高收入国家。其中 366 个样本被纳入荟萃分析。在全球范围内，46·2% (95% CI 41·7–50·8) 的成年人和 17·9% (14·8–21·2) 的青少年在过去 12 个月内赌博过。男性赌博率（49·1%；45·5–52·6）高于女性（37·4%；32·0–42·5）。在成年人中，8·7% (6·6–11·3) 被归类为参与任何风险赌博，1·41% (1·06–1·84) 被归类为参与有问题的赌博。在成年人中，在线赌场或老虎机赌博的问题赌博率最高（15·8%；10·7–21·6）。关于青少年样本中任何风险和问题赌博的数据报道很少。现有证据表明，赌博在全球范围内盛行，很大一部分人口从事问题赌博，而在线赌博中问题赌博的比例最高。鉴于在线赌博业的增长以及赌博与一系列公共健康危害之间的联系，各国政府需要更加关注全球范围内对赌博的严格监管和监控。澳大利亚国家健康和医学研究委员会。