Uranium is a naturally occurring radionuclide with chemical toxicity, derived from deposits formed through complex processes. In recent years, uranium utilization activities have increased uranium levels in the soil environment, posing serious threats to soil quality, food safety, and human health. Phytoextraction of uranium contamination is currently a cutting-edge topic that has attracted significant attentions. To date, several studies have examined the behavior and impact of uranium in various aspects of its mineralization and "soil-plant" system. Accordingly, we focused on the full life cycle of uranium within the "ore-soil-root-shoot" system, based on published work from 2015 to 2024, to provide an updated review of significant research findings and theories. Here, we present the following key aspects: (i) the factors influencing uranium mineralization, including material sources, transport processes, and precipitation mechanism; (ii) both natural and anthropogenic sources that contribute uranium entry into the soil; (iii) uranium toxicity generated by its radio- and chemo-toxicities; (iv) the toxic effects of uranium and plant detoxification; (v) the internal mechanisms of uranium uptake and translocation by plant roots; and (vi) the role of transpiration in the transport of uranium from roots to the aboveground plant parts. Phytoextraction is an eco-friendly and efficient method for remediation of uranium-contaminated soils, and combined measures such as chelating agents’ application and microbial inoculation are effective to obtain the satisfying results. We also identify and summarize the gaps in current research, providing a reference for future related studies.

中文翻译：

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铀向矿-土-根-芽系统的完整生命周期：综合综述


铀是一种天然存在的具有化学毒性的放射性核素，来源于通过复杂过程形成的沉积物。近年来，铀利用活动增加了土壤环境中的铀含量，对土壤质量、食品安全和人类健康构成严重威胁。铀污染的植物提取是目前引起广泛关注的前沿话题。迄今为止，已有几项研究检查了铀在其矿化和“土壤-植物”系统的各个方面的行为和影响。因此，我们根据 2015 年至 2024 年发表的工作，重点关注了“矿石-土壤-根芽”系统内铀的整个生命周期，以提供对重要研究结果和理论的最新回顾。在这里，我们提出了以下关键方面：（i） 影响铀矿化的因素，包括材料来源、运输过程和沉淀机制;（ii） 导致铀进入土壤的自然和人为来源;（iii） 放射性和化学毒性产生的铀毒性;（iv） 铀和植物解毒的毒性作用;（v） 植物根系吸收和转运铀的内部机制;（vi） 蒸腾作用在铀从根部到地上植物部分的运输中的作用。植物提取是一种环保高效的铀污染土壤修复方法，螯合剂应用和微生物接种等联合措施可有效获得满意的效果。我们还识别并总结了当前研究中的空白，为未来的相关研究提供参考。