Nitrogen pollution poses a substantial threat to water bodies, making the exploration of effective treatment technologies imperative. Among these, biological denitrification stands out as one of the most efficient methods. Various materials, including biochar, graphene, carbon nanotubes, and nanoparticles, have gained widespread use across different industries due to their unique properties. Numerous studies have investigated the impact of these materials on microbial denitrification individually, focusing on their influence on key enzymatic processes, functional genes, electron transport, functional proteins, and microbial metabolic activities. This manuscript aims to contribute a comprehensive and holistic perspective by presenting consolidated data on the collective impact of biochar, graphene, carbon nanotubes, and nanoparticles on microbial denitrification. The combination of biochar and microorganisms improves denitrification performance by 415%. Graphene increases enzyme activity (100–175.4%). The coupling of carbon nanotubes and microorganisms reduced denitrification performance by 57.42%. Nanoparticles reduce denitrification performance (73.4%), enzyme activity (63%), and electron transfer rate (52.4%) by entering the cell membrane. Moreover, these materials have been observed to induce alterations in the community structure of microorganisms involved in denitrification. The manuscript delves into the intricate details of how these materials influence the conformational changes of denitrifying enzymes, emphasizing the relationship between enzyme activity and structural modifications. Overall, this manuscript not only provides a thorough analysis of the effects of biochar, graphene, carbon nanotubes, and nanoparticles on microbial denitrification but also explores their implications for the conformational dynamics of denitrifying enzymes. Furthermore, it outlines avenues for future research, offering a roadmap to guide upcoming studies in this critical field.

中文翻译：

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生物炭、石墨烯、碳纳米管和纳米粒子对微生物反硝化的影响：综述


氮污染对水体构成巨大威胁，探索有效的处理技术势在必行。其中，生物反硝化是最有效的方法之一。各种材料，包括生物炭、石墨烯、碳纳米管和纳米颗粒，由于其独特的性能而在不同行业得到了广泛的应用。许多研究分别调查了这些材料对微生物反硝化的影响，重点关注它们对关键酶过程、功能基因、电子传递、功能蛋白和微生物代谢活动的影响。本手稿旨在通过提供有关生物炭、石墨烯、碳纳米管和纳米颗粒对微生物反硝化的集体影响的综合数据，提供全面和整体的视角。生物炭和微生物的结合使反硝化性能提高了415%。石墨烯提高酶活性 (100–175.4%)。碳纳米管与微生物的耦合使反硝化性能降低了57.42%。纳米颗粒通过进入细胞膜降低反硝化性能（73.4%）、酶活性（63%）和电子传递率（52.4%）。此外，已观察到这些材料会引起参与反硝化的微生物群落结构的改变。该手稿深入研究了这些材料如何影响反硝化酶构象变化的复杂细节，强调酶活性与结构修饰之间的关系。 总的来说，这篇手稿不仅全面分析了生物炭、石墨烯、碳纳米管和纳米粒子对微生物反硝化的影响，而且还探讨了它们对反硝化酶构象动力学的影响。此外，它还概述了未来研究的途径，提供了指导这一关键领域即将开展的研究的路线图。