Reconciling the EU forest, biodiversity, and climate strategies,Global Change Biology

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Reconciling the EU forest, biodiversity, and climate strategies
Global Change Biology ( IF 10.8 ) Pub Date : 2024-08-02 , DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17431
Konstantin Gregor ₁ , Christopher P O Reyer ₂ , Thomas A Nagel ₃ , Annikki Mäkelä _{4,

5} , Andreas Krause ₁ , Thomas Knoke ₁ , Anja Rammig ₁

Affiliation

Forests provide important ecosystem services (ESs), including climate change mitigation, local climate regulation, habitat for biodiversity, wood and non‐wood products, energy, and recreation. Simultaneously, forests are increasingly affected by climate change and need to be adapted to future environmental conditions. Current legislation, including the European Union (EU) Biodiversity Strategy, EU Forest Strategy, and national laws, aims to protect forest landscapes, enhance ESs, adapt forests to climate change, and leverage forest products for climate change mitigation and the bioeconomy. However, reconciling all these competing demands poses a tremendous task for policymakers, forest managers, conservation agencies, and other stakeholders, especially given the uncertainty associated with future climate impacts. Here, we used process‐based ecosystem modeling and robust multi‐criteria optimization to develop forest management portfolios that provide multiple ESs across a wide range of climate scenarios. We included constraints to strictly protect 10% of Europe's land area and to provide stable harvest levels under every climate scenario. The optimization showed only limited options to improve ES provision within these constraints. Consequently, management portfolios suffered from low diversity, which contradicts the goal of multi‐functionality and exposes regions to significant risk due to a lack of risk diversification. Additionally, certain regions, especially those in the north, would need to prioritize timber provision to compensate for reduced harvests elsewhere. This conflicts with EU LULUCF targets for increased forest carbon sinks in all member states and prevents an equal distribution of strictly protected areas, introducing a bias as to which forest ecosystems are more protected than others. Thus, coordinated strategies at the European level are imperative to address these challenges effectively. We suggest that the implementation of the EU Biodiversity Strategy, EU Forest Strategy, and targets for forest carbon sinks require complementary measures to alleviate the conflicting demands on forests.

中文翻译：

协调欧盟森林、生物多样性和气候战略

森林提供重要的生态系统服务（ES），包括减缓气候变化、当地气候调节、生物多样性栖息地、木材和非木材产品、能源和娱乐。与此同时，森林日益受到气候变化的影响，需要适应未来的环境条件。目前的立法，包括欧盟（EU）生物多样性战略、欧盟森林战略和国家法律，旨在保护森林景观，增强生态系统，使森林适应气候变化，并利用森林产品减缓气候变化和生物经济。然而，协调所有这些相互竞争的需求对政策制定者、森林管理者、保护机构和其他利益相关者来说是一项艰巨的任务，特别是考虑到与未来气候影响相关的不确定性。在这里，我们使用基于流程的生态系统建模和强大的多标准优化来开发森林管理组合，在广泛的气候情景中提供多种ES。我们纳入了严格保护欧洲 10% 土地面积的限制，并在每种气候情景下提供稳定的收成水平。优化只显示了在这些限制下改进 ES 供应的有限选项。因此，管理组合的多样性较低，这与多功能性的目标相矛盾，并且由于缺乏风险多元化而使地区面临重大风险。此外，某些地区，特别是北部地区，需要优先考虑木材供应，以弥补其他地区收成减少的影响。这与欧盟土地利用、土地利用变化和林业增加所有成员国森林碳汇的目标相冲突，并阻碍了严格保护区的平等分配，从而导致了关于哪些森林生态系统比其他生态系统受到更多保护的偏见。因此，欧洲层面的协调战略对于有效应对这些挑战至关重要。我们建议，欧盟生物多样性战略、欧盟森林战略和森林碳汇目标的实施需要采取补充措施，以缓解对森林的相互冲突的需求。

更新日期：2024-08-02

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